Legal Writing And Taking Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Writing And Taking Question - Essay Example There are a few issued involved. First: There was no paper contract. All agreements were verbal. Second: Does Don's offer to have Peter's father move in constitute an offer? Did Peter's last statement constitute a counter-offer? An enforceable contract has the following elements: Competent parties, legal subject matter, offer, acceptance and consideration (O'Brien et al, 2005). Both parties here were legally competent. The underlying subject matter, purchasing nursing home assistance, is wholly legal. It is the last three that might be problematic. An offer is simply a proposal to make a deal. There are the offerer and the offeree: Don and Peter, respectively. Any counter-offer made by the other party rescinds this. Acceptance is a communication of desire to accept the offer. Consideration is, effectively, payment, either of money or of services rendered. Finally, verbal contracts have the force of law. However, if a contract is verbal, it has the risk of being difficult to enforce d ue to disagreement as to underlying fact, and some verbal contracts fall under fraud laws, specifically, if they involve more than a certain amount of money and cannot be performed within a given time. Verbal contracts tend to be enforceable when concrete steps were taken to comply with them.  Following the conversation closely, the last statement Don makes is an offer. Effectively, Don offered Peter two weeks to move his father in, after Peter spoke with his sister.  

Telecommunications and Networking Essay Example for Free

Telecommunications and Networking Essay Telecommunications and networking are complicated with very intricate design and structures built within them. Protocols are set in place to allow Ethernets, switches and gateways to achieve the abilities and capabilities of telecommunications and networking through data and voice transmissions of today and the future. Today’s society is set at such a high pace with such great demand for volumes of data and voice transmissions that telecommunications and networking need to stay the course to keep up with the demands of societal growth by way of new hardware, software and technological advances. a) What is a policy?  A policy is verbiage that consists of words and statements that gives internal and external structural requirements whereby employees, personnel and others can follow. Specifications within the said policy are set to form and guide internal and external functions. This policy paves the way for integrity within the business and/or corporation’s foundational structure. â€Å"Policy: A broad statement that specifies what should be accomplished†. (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). b) Distinguish between policy and implementation.  Implementations are a more specified set of instructions whereby policies are less specified but yet each has a set verbiage that applies to the structural integrity of the company’s bi-laws and laws. â€Å"Implementation Guidance: Instructions that is more specific than policies but less specific than implementation.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). c) Why is it important to separate policies from implementation? The separation between policies and implementation is important so that a set of rules, bi-laws and/or laws that govern the business or company is set in a way that is most important to the least important of rules, bi-laws and laws within that business structure. Structural integrity based upon policies and the implementation of those policies is essential to the internal and external growth that applies to that corporate business structure. d) Why is oversight important?  Oversight is a tool that guides management that should be required to be used in â€Å"every† aspect within the business and/or corporation. Management has an obligation to implement the oversight protocols throughout the business structure whereby it sets the guidance protocols within those structures foundational rules of guidance and policy. â€Å"Oversight: A collection of methods to ensure that policies have been implemented properly†. (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). e) Compare the specificity of policies, implementation guidance, and implementation. Policies would be a set of more formal verbiage where implementation guidance would be the guidance within that set of policies and this would then be followed by the implementation of both the policies and the implementations guidance’s. All three of these categories are molded into one that would become the set policies of the business or corporate guidance structure. f) Distinguish between standards and guidelines. The standards and guidelines distinguish between one another in a way that they each set separate rules within themselves whereby each arrives at context and messages. The separation of standards and guidelines is such that standards â€Å"allows hardware and software to work together and guidelines is a directive that can be followed but is not necessarily followed unless implementation is required. â€Å"Guidelines: A directive that should be followed but need not be followed, depending on the context.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). â€Å"Standards: A rule of operation that allows hardware or software processes to work together. Standards normally govern the exchange of messages between two entities.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). g) Must guidelines be considered? The consideration of â€Å"guidelines† is dependent on the â€Å"need† and sometimes is not necessarily followed nor is it a necessary requirement. The required consideration of â€Å"guidelines† is such that management and/or the implementation of the â€Å"guideline† can become a necessary requirement. Remembering that the necessity meets the requirement within the aforementioned guidelines. Guidelines are considered where the need meets that requirement and this can be an essential or non-essential requirement of a specified guideline. h) List the three types of oversight listed in the text. Audit is one form of oversight followed by reading log files and the third oversight is vulnerability testing. Each of these is a part of a policy that is set into place and followed by internal and external personnel. Management sets the pace and implements the oversight whereby each individual mangers proceeds with oversight proto cols to meet oversight rules. I) what is vulnerability testing, and why is it done? Vulnerability testing is an internal mechanism that is performed to prevent the intrusion of internal and external sources. The vulnerability testing is a test that allows for the intrusive behavior to begin â€Å"within† the company’s own system that shows visible signs of degradation and exploitations within the system. â€Å"Vulnerability Testing: is attacking your own systems before attackers do, so that you can identify weaknesses and fix them before they are exploited by attackers† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). j) Why is it important for policy to drive both implementation and oversight? Policy is the final product that drives the internal mechanisms of the business and/or corporate structure from the hardware, to software, to personnel then up to management. Policy is for example â€Å"like gasoline is to the automobile without the gasoline the automobile will not run†. Implementation would be for example â€Å"like not having the oil that lubricates the engine within the automobile† and then oversight would be for example â€Å"like the brake fluid that allows the brakes of the automobile to function and stop the automobile†. Requiring each of these mechanisms to be included in the structure of the business and/or corporation is essential to building focal points that lead and pave the way to present and future growth from within that business and corporations foundational structure. Policy is a core driving force that is essential to day to day operations as well as to future implementations of guidelines. Conclusion Telecommunications and networking are the business and/or corporate structures essential tools that require policies, guidelines, oversight and implementation. The management within that business structure is and should be required to follow each and every policy and guideline whereby each manger gives instructions to employees and personnel to follow these sets of guidelines and polices. Implementation of all governed rules should be set at the management level to include hardware, software and security protocols. Society demands telecommunications and networking with data, voice and video capabilities and management is essential to meet these societal demands whereby management needs the policies and guidelines to implement and address all of these demands.

Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Disorders Illnesses Papers

Parkinson's Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy," describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnoses, causality, possible treatments, and prospects for future study. What is most intriguing concerning Parkinson’s analysis (besides its consistent accuracy) is the fact that his clinical observations and inferences were made by watching the movements of six elderly males at a distance along the streets of London. The symptoms seen in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) are of two distinct types: (1) a degeneration of normal actions and movements coupled with; (2) the appearance of abnormal-type behaviors. Positive symptoms are those behaviors not usually seen in normal people; since they occur often in patients with PD, they are thought to be mechanistically inhibited by normal physiological systems. However, when these systems degenerate or become damaged, they are released and abnormal behavior is the result. The main abnormalities seen in Parkinsonian patients are resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and anesthesia. Resting tremors occur while the patient is motionless; the symptoms disappear during activity or when the patient is asleep. They most often encompass alternating movements of the limbs, hands and head; for instance, one diagnostic tremor known as "pill-rolling," consists of repetitive rolling motions of the forefinger past the... ... neurotoxin, 1-methyl--1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine. Life Science, 1985, 36:2503-2508. Neurochemistry. 1986, 46: 1501-1507. 8. Schapira, A. H. V. et. al. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson’s disease. J. of Neurochemistry. 1990, 54: 823-827. 9. Wachtel, H. Antiparkinsonian dopamine agonists: a review of the pharmacokinetics and neuropharmacology in animals and humans. J. of Neural Transmission. 1991, 3: 151-201. 10. Mercuri, N. B. et. al. Physiology and pharmacology of dopamine D2-receptors: their implications in dopamine--substitute therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1989, 39:1106-1108. 11. Riederer, P. Konradi, C. Youdim, M. B. H. The role of MAO in dopaminergic transmission. pp. 149-153. In: M. B. Streifler, ed. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 53: Parkinson’s Disease: Anatomy, Pathology, and Therapy. New York, Raven Press, 1990. Parkinson's Disease Essay -- Disorders Illnesses Papers Parkinson's Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy," describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnoses, causality, possible treatments, and prospects for future study. What is most intriguing concerning Parkinson’s analysis (besides its consistent accuracy) is the fact that his clinical observations and inferences were made by watching the movements of six elderly males at a distance along the streets of London. The symptoms seen in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) are of two distinct types: (1) a degeneration of normal actions and movements coupled with; (2) the appearance of abnormal-type behaviors. Positive symptoms are those behaviors not usually seen in normal people; since they occur often in patients with PD, they are thought to be mechanistically inhibited by normal physiological systems. However, when these systems degenerate or become damaged, they are released and abnormal behavior is the result. The main abnormalities seen in Parkinsonian patients are resting tremor, muscular rigidity, and anesthesia. Resting tremors occur while the patient is motionless; the symptoms disappear during activity or when the patient is asleep. They most often encompass alternating movements of the limbs, hands and head; for instance, one diagnostic tremor known as "pill-rolling," consists of repetitive rolling motions of the forefinger past the... ... neurotoxin, 1-methyl--1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine. Life Science, 1985, 36:2503-2508. Neurochemistry. 1986, 46: 1501-1507. 8. Schapira, A. H. V. et. al. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson’s disease. J. of Neurochemistry. 1990, 54: 823-827. 9. Wachtel, H. Antiparkinsonian dopamine agonists: a review of the pharmacokinetics and neuropharmacology in animals and humans. J. of Neural Transmission. 1991, 3: 151-201. 10. Mercuri, N. B. et. al. Physiology and pharmacology of dopamine D2-receptors: their implications in dopamine--substitute therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1989, 39:1106-1108. 11. Riederer, P. Konradi, C. Youdim, M. B. H. The role of MAO in dopaminergic transmission. pp. 149-153. In: M. B. Streifler, ed. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 53: Parkinson’s Disease: Anatomy, Pathology, and Therapy. New York, Raven Press, 1990.

Animals In The Research Lab :: Science Experiment, Medical Research

Animals In The Research Lab The use of living animals is an important way to solve a medical problem. Researchers continually seek other models to understand the human organism, study disease processes, and test new therapies. In seeking quicker and not so expensive ways to look for biological information that can be applied to human disease, scientists sometimes study simpler things such as bacteria, fruit flies and a few other things. Researchers have spent many years learning how to sustain cells, tissues and organs from animals and humans outside the body to understand biological processes and develop new medical treatments. Computers allow scientists to analyze vast amounts of data and test new ideas. But, in the end, the results obtained must be verified in appropriate animal systems and, possibly as the final step, in clinical trials using humans who will volunteer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before beginning a project, all research proposals involving animals must be reviewed and approved by a committee comprised of scientists, veterinarians, and private citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animal activist organizations believe that there are no moral reasons for the use of animals in research. This has attempted to slow or halt the work of scientists. Some activists groups intimidate or harass individual scientists, conduct demonstrations, or sometimes commit acts of vandalism. There are a few health professionals who support the activist movement but they truly stand apart from the vast majority of physians and most Americans who readily accept the fact that animal research is necessary to gain medical progress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of living animals remains a very important way to solve medical

Fluency Reading Plan Essay

Brief Synopsis- The story takes place on Manor Farm and has a third person perspective. The animals on the farm are unhappy with their current conditions. Led by a few pigs they revolt against the farmer that housed them. They hope to form a utopian farm for all animals. However, Napoleon (one of the pigs that started the revolution) starts to manipulate the animals and the humans around the farm. The farm starts to resemble its former self and Major begins to resemble the villainous farmer. This book is basically depicting communism in an interesting way. Overview of the Unit Reading fluency is an extremely difficult area to assess and instruct. In general, there are three areas that are addressed that make up fluency phonemic awareness (being able to say words and understand the construct of the letters that make up the word), grammar and comprehension. These three areas formed together help a teacher assess the students they have. However, it is still very difficult to classify since fluency seems to come natural to many students especially by grade 8 (Rasinski, 2004). Keeping all of this in mind there still needs to be a definitive gauge for assessment. This unit is based around some reading aloud in class. After the students have read on their own time, having them reread the various passages out loud will help to increase their fluency. According to the book Classrooms that Work, â€Å"repeated readings is a way to help students recognize high-frequency words more easily, thereby strengthening their ease of reading† (Addison-Wesley 1998). This will also allow for the next area of significance to become a link in the fluency chain-vocabulary. The student’s readings will provide opportunities to ask them about the various vocabulary words in this unit. The unit will stress various vocabulary words and a higher order of thinking to gain comprehension. As they read, the teacher can pick out these words and engage the students to see if they comprehend what is being said. If the students do not understand the words, the next step cannot happen which is comprehension. Comprehension and fluency are forever linked. One cannot happen without the other. The easiest way to label it is students must be able to understand what they read. That is why in many younger grades, grade levels are not simply based on the student being able to read the words, but to what degree they understand what they are reading. The main construct of the lesson is to expand the knowledge of the students and have them reading something outside of their normal realm. Students should always feel they are learning something new (Grabe, 2010). This book and unit will allow for that to happen. Reading aloud by the students, by the teacher, and discussions about various vocabulary and plot themes will make this lesson successful. The students will read a great book that is a classic and they will gain an understanding of some high school level vocabulary and thought processes. References Cunningham, P. M. & Allington, R. L. Classrooms That Work: They Can All Read and Write. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc. 1999 Rasinski, T. (2004). Creating fluent readers. Educational Leadership, 61(6), 46-51. Grabe, W. (2010). Reading in a second language. Ernst Klett Sprachen.

January 2008 Most Popular Posts

January 2008 Most Popular Posts January 2008 Most Popular Posts January 2008 Most Popular Posts By Daniel Scocco Below you will find the most popular posts of this month. Check them out if you missed any. Give me an â€Å"A†: a vs. an: The indefinite articles a and an both mean the same thing. The definite article the refers to a particular thing (†Give me the ring! The wedding ring!†) while a and an refer to any item of a certain type (†Please hand me a nail, any nail.†) But when do you use a and when do you use an? You were probably taught in school that, preceding a vowel (†an apple†), you use an. Preceding a consonant, you use a. Continuous or Continual?: Many writers use continuous and continual as if they were exact synonyms, but my English teachers taught their students to distinguish between them. A Man is Not a Widow: Last night, not for the first time, I heard someone refer to a man as a â€Å"widow.† Not only did I hear this usage, I saw it headlined across a Powerpoint slide at the presentation I was attending. The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know: The Yiddish language is a wonderful source of rich expressions, especially terms of endearment (and of course, complaints and insults). This article is a follow up on Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should Know. Jewish scriptwriters introduced many Yiddish words into popular culture, which often changed the original meanings drastically. You might be surprised to learn how much Yiddish you already speak, but also, how many familiar words actually mean something different in real Yiddish. Celtic: /sel tik/ or /kel tik/?: What is the â€Å"correct† pronunciation of the word Celtic? Boston Celtic fans prefer the soft c sound, but Irish dancers tend to go with the hard c sound. The Generalist vs. The Specialist: One of the biggest problems facing modern day freelance writers is whether to spread out and write on a variety of subjects, or whether to specialise in markets they are able to â€Å"expert† in. Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar: To begin with, â€Å"Caesar† was a family name. Now, in various forms, it is a generic term for â€Å"ruler† or â€Å"emperor.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingIn Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Molly Pitcher (Mary Hays McCauly) Revolutionary Heroine

Molly Pitcher (Mary Hays McCauly) Revolutionary Heroine Molly Pitcher was a fictitious name given to a heroine, revered for taking her husbands place loading a cannon in the Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, during the American Revolution. The identification of Molly Pitcher, earlier known in popular images as Captain Molly, with Mary McCauly, didnt come until the centennial of the American Revolution.  Molly was, at the time of the Revolution, a common nickname for women named Mary. Much of Mary McCaulys story is told from oral histories or court and other legal documents correlating with some parts of the oral tradition. Scholars disagree on many of the details, including what her first husbands name was (the famous husband who collapsed and whom she replaced at the cannon) or even whether she is the Molly Pitcher of history. The Molly Pitcher of legend may be completely folklore or may be a composite. Molly Pitchers Early Life Mary Ludwigs birthdate is given on her cemetery marker as October 13, 1744.  Other sources suggest her birth year was as late as 1754. She grew up on her familys farm. Her father was a butcher. She is unlikely to have had any education and was likely illiterate.  Marys father died in January of 1769, and she went to Carlisle, Pennsylvania to be a  servant to the family of Anna and Dr. William Irvine.   Molly Pitchers Husband A Mary Ludwig married a John Hays on July 24, 1769. This may have been a first husband for the future Molly Pitcher, or it may have been a marriage of her mother, also named Mary Ludwig as a widow. In 1777, the younger Mary married William Hays, a barber, and an artilleryman. Dr. Irvine, for whom Mary was working, had organized a boycott of British goods in response to the British Tea Act in 1774. William Hayes was listed as one helping with the boycott. On December 1, 1775, William Hays enlisted in the First Pennsylvania Regiment of Artillery, in a unit commanded by Dr. Irvine (also called General Irwin in some sources). A year later, January 1777, he joined the 7th Pennsylvania Regiment and was part of the winter camp at Valley Forge. Molly Pitcher at War After her husbands enlistment, Mary Hays first stayed in Carlisle, then joined her parents where she was closer to her husbands regiment. Mary became a camp follower, one of the many women attached to a military camp to take care of support tasks such as laundry, cooking, sewing, and other tasks. Martha Washington was another of the women at Valley Forge. In 1778, William Hays trained as an artilleryman under Baron von Steuben. The camp followers were taught to serve as water girls. William Hays was with the 7th Pennsylvania Regiment when, as part of George Washingtons army, the Battle of Monmouth was fought with British troops on June 28, 1778. William (John) Hays job was to load the cannon, wielding a ramrod. According to the stories told later, Mary Hays was among the women bringing pitchers of water to the soldiers, to cool the soldiers as well as to cool the cannon and soak the rammer rag. On that hot day, carrying water, the story told is that Mary saw her husband collapse - whether from the heat or from being wounded is not clear, though he certainly was not killed - and stepped in to clean the ramrod and load the cannon herself, continuing until the end of the battle that day. In one variation of the story, she helped her husband fire the cannon. According to the oral tradition, Mary was nearly hit by a musket or cannonball that sped between her legs and ripped her dress. She is said to have responded, Well, that could have been worse. Supposedly George Washington had seen her action on the field, and after the British retreated unexpectedly rather than continuing the fight the next day, Washington made Mary Hays a non-commissioned officer in the army for her deed. Mary apparently began calling herself Sergeant Molly from that day forward. After the War Mary and her husband returned to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. They had a son, John L. Hayes, in 1780. Mary Hays continued to work as a domestic servant. In 1786, Mary Hays was widowed; later that year, she married John McCauley or John McCauly (various spellings of names was common in a society where many were not literate). This marriage was not successful; John, a stonecutter and a friend of William Hays, was apparently mean and did not adequately support his wife and stepson. Either she left him or he died, or he otherwise disappeared, about 1805. Mary Hays McCauly continued to work around town as a domestic servant, with a reputation for being hard-working, eccentric and coarse. She petitioned for a pension based on her Revolutionary War service, and on February 18, 1822, the Pennsylvania legislature authorized a payment of $40 and subsequent annual payments, also of $40 each, in An act for the relief of Molly MKolly. The first draft of the bill had the phrase widow of a soldier and this was revised to for services rendered. Specifics of those services are not noted in the bill. Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly - who called herself Sergeant Molly - died in 1832. Her grave was unmarked. Her obituaries do not mention military honors or her specific war contributions. The Evolution of Captain Molly and Molly Pitcher Popular images of Captain Molly at a cannon circulated in the popular press, but these were not tied to any specific individual for many years. The name evolved into Molly Pitcher. In 1856, when Marys son John L. Hays died, his obituary included the note that he was a son of the ever-to-be-remembered heroine, the celebrated Molly Pitcher whose deeds of daring are recorded in the annals of the Revolution and over whose remains a monument ought to be erected. Connecting Mary Hays McCauly With Molly Pitcher In 1876, the American Revolution centennial sparked interest in her story and local critics in Carlisle had a statue of Mary McCauley created, with Mary described as the Heroine of Monmouth. In 1916 Carlisle established a three-dimensional representation of Molly Pitcher loading a cannon. In 1928, on the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Monmouth, pressure on the Postal Service to create a stamp showing Molly Pitcher was only partially successful. Instead, a stamp was issued that was a regular red two cent stamp depicting George Washington, but with a black overprint of the text Molly Pitcher in capital letters. In 1943, a Liberty ship was named SS Molly Pitcher and launched. It was torpedoed that same year. A 1944 wartime poster by C. W. Miller depicted Molly Pitcher with a ramrod at the battle of Monmouth, with the text Americas women have always fought for freedom. Sources John Todd White. The Truth About Molly Pitcher. in The American Revolution: Whose Revolution? edited by James Kirby Martin and Karen R. Stubaus. 1977.John B. Landis. A Short History of Molly Pitcher, the Heroine of Monmouth. 1905. Published by the Patriotic Sons of America.John B. Landis. Investigation into American Tradition of Woman Known as Molly Pitcher. Journal of American History 5 (1911): 83-94.D. W. Thompson and Merri Lou Schaumann. Goodbye Molly Pitcher. Cumberland County History 6 (1989).Carol Klaver. An Introduction into the Legend of Molly Pitcher. Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military 12 (1994) 52.

Rousseau essays

Rousseau essays Jean-Jacques Rousseau claims that in order to ensure the legitimacy of civil commitments and to prevent them from becoming meaningless, tyrannical, and abusive, one can be "forced to be free." It is unclear, however, how forcing citizens to conform to the general will leads to a society which is any more reliable and capable of sustaining itself than the arbitrary rule of a few power-hungry individuals. When a society forms a social contract, citizens determine together what is to be considered the general willthe law of the land. This compact is meaningless, however, unless there is a way to ensure adherence to the will of this majority. A problem arises in that "each individual can, as a man, have a private will contrary to or different from the general will that he has as a citizen" (472). This distinction between one's will as a man and as a citizen arises in that one, in forming the social contract with his fellow citizens, chose laws which will benefit the community as a whole, yet as an individual, he cares only of his own self-benefit. It follows, therefore, that private interest all to often leads a man to becoming a "free-rider" who wishes to "enjoy the rights of a citizen without wanting to fulfill the duties of a subject, an injustice whose growth would bring about the ruin of the body politic" (472). The social contract must subscribe a solution to this problem, for it is an "empty formula" unless it "tacitly entails the commitment that whoever refuses to obey the general will will be forced to do so by the entire body" (472). To ensure commitment, society can therefore "force one to be free." How is this free when you must abandon your own private will and submit to that of the majority? Since freedom correlates with autonomy and complete alienation from animal concern for oneself, upholding the commitments made through the social contract, even by force, is therefore ensuring the greater freedom of all citizens (4 ...

Affirmative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Affirmative Action - Essay Example Affirmative action refers to concrete steps and policies that are developed and implemented not only to eliminate discrimination and prejudice in employment against minorities, but also to attempt to rectify the effects of discrimination that took place in history. Minorities might include any underrepresented group, especially represented by race, ethnicity, or gender. One of the main purposes of implementing affirmative action policies are to address the Constitutional equal opportunity law, which states that all the people have the inborn right to equal access and opportunity to self promotion and self development. This meant that all persons had the right to work for their talents and capabilities rather than being subjected to injustice on the basis of color, cast or gender. There are many reasons why organizations in this globalizing and ever developing world should implement Affirmative action policies. Taking firm steps against racism is the responsibility of everyone in our society; therefore it is a challenge also for the institutions and organizations that make a huge difference to our lives. Elements such as racism and discrimination act as barriers for people with great intellect. Racism is not something that corrects itself with time it is something that is responsible for itself. The disadvantages to people of color and different gender and the benefits to white people especially male are passed on to each succeeding generation unless counteractive decisions are taken. These disadvantages join together into organizational practices which, although might look neutral and unbiased, unfavorably affect these people. It has become extremely necessary to take positive steps to remove and recompense for these inconsiderate policies, even when there i s no noticeable discriminatory meaning. If we do not teach our workforce to accept people for whom they are and what they can do, we can lose on major creative knowledge. A

Waiting for a Delayed Flight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Waiting for a Delayed Flight - Essay Example The implications of such a delay are equally very costly, not only to an individual traveler but also to the flight company as well (Forbes, 2). Flight delays result from such reasons as repair and maintenance of the aircraft, security issues domestically or within the intended destination, issues stemming from the airport crew as well as possible delays in the arrival of the respective aircraft. Other causes may be such as delays in baggage loading, furling, traffic congestion and such natural calamities as unfavorable weather conditions. In the event that such unfortunate occurrences happen, passengers awaiting departure often suffer greatly. The result of delayed flight includes lateness for strategic appointments, failure to meet deadlines as well as losses from delayed delivery of perishable products among others. Besides such losses, individuals often are stranded within the airport and are likely to incur other costs such as in refreshments as well as securing personal accommo dation services in case the delay is beyond a single day. I happened to experience a flight delay in a leading African tourism destination where I spent my summer holiday last year. This formed a memorable experience in my life has never experienced such in my years of air travel. Though accompanied by my parents, I felt so much devastated by the experience because this was the first time I experienced such a delay. The airport had very disturbing loud noises from the landing and taking off air engines, which made me have a very severe headache. My parents decided to take a stroll in the neighborhood of the airport but I was unable to accompany them due to a headache I suffered. They took me to one of the waiting bays where barely anyone else was and left me lodged on a chair as is shown by the picture. This was equally no comfortable as the disturbing noises were still very loud and clear. Moreover, the sight of the landing and taking off planes kept disturbing me as the waiting ba y provided a very clear view of the running lanes.

Management Report on a case-study Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Report on a - - Case Study Example Table of Contents: Sl. No. Particulars Pg. No. 1 Introduction 4 2 Outline a set of values typical for the organizational culture of a well-established small business 5 3 Current business environment for existing business in homeland and world over 7 4 SWOT analysis of newly proposed solar powered and heating units 8 5 Guidelines and directions for the proposed business plan 11 6 Organizational chart which best suits the diversified organization 13 7 Conclusion 14 8 References 14 Introduction: Wobble & Strait Engineering Ltd. is a well-established small business catering to the needs of rural, forestry and fishery companies. The Company was established in 1946 and was mainly family managed. It currently, employs 21 staff in various cadres, including Stanley the Managing Director, to support the purpose of the business. Candy, his heir is now inclined to get involved in the business matters and understands that there are questions regarding the financial soundness of the business in th e present scenario of rising New Zealand dollar as against the US one. The high dollar value is forcing many forestry and fishery companies to defer their requirements with the result that the demand for the company’s products is getting thinned out day by day. ... 2. Consider a real current business environment for the existing business in the homeland and the world over. 3. Conduct a SWOT analysis of newly proposed solar powered energy and heating units. 4. Propose some guidelines and directions for the proposed business plan and 5. Project an organizational chart which best suits the new diversified organization. Outline a set of values typical for the organizational culture of a well-established small business: For any business to be a going concern, it needs to be economically viable while ensuring that the work standards are quality ensured for guaranteed future prospects. As such, it needs to develop Vision and Mission Statements which can lead it towards the goal orientation of profit maximization. This goal can be achieved only when an encouraging culture is established in the organization. Organizational culture is dependent on the values it professes towards it customers, members, manager to staff and all other related inter-personal associations. Thus, a set of values which are like a bible to the organization have to be assimilated which need to be revisited to ensure that no severe deviations occur in the activity process. W&S, being a semi-service oriented organization, has developed similar values (related attitudes) basing on which, it has developed all these years. A recollection of those values and focusing on newly required areas which were overseen in the previous years is imperative for the company’s success in the future: Having a Pro-active Attitude: The employees of an organization should be enthusiastic and believe in its purpose. They should be confident that the goals of the organization are achievable and whenever there is any slack in the business, the

Violent Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Violent Crimes - Essay Example This is because they believe they should not be caught and brought to justice. The role of the people at large is to understand how they can find a way through which these sexual offenders are taken to task. To begin with, it is always a good omen for the society if all its inmates know exactly what is required of them and how they must manifest their truest selves towards combating any form of offense, be it sexual or physical one. The extent of the offense would subside quickly if such actions are taken on a proactive basis and hence the sexual offenders will get the idea that the society is well aware of their upcoming tactics. Some of the ramifications that have impacted the psychic of the community have been in the form of shelving their own selves since there is too much terror available within the terrains of the society. Also the people shall understand that if these sexual offenders are allowed to go on a rampage, they might destruct the basis of sanity, which indeed is a ge nuine concern if seen within the relevant thick of things. Their predatory actions need to be judged in advance so that any anomalies that might take place in the future are properly documented. The public perception matters a great deal and hence it should be accorded the significance that it richly deserves. 2. In compare some; men and women have different motives in the commitment of murder. While society normally favors the irrational behaviors of murders committed by men, the acceptance of women committing murder causes public perception to rationalize the reason for this crime. Explain how the modern day media influence our thoughts on the division of male and female acts of murder? The modern day media influence as far as murder is concerned remains largely a male oriented commitment. If females go about murdering people, it is due to the fact that they have either been subjected to harsh treatment that they have eventually resorted or perhaps they are not within their normal selves. The role of the media remains strangely unique for both the genders. Our thoughts come about as a direct result of what the media feeds us, day in and day out. It is because of the media influence that both men and women have started to see murder in a completely new light. When men commit to such an insane behavior, they are perhaps not dealt with too harshly. However, this is not the case when females are involved in it. The male and female acts of murder shed light on the premise of understanding that murder in itself is a heinous and it really does not matter who commits the crime, as long as it is being committed, and that too for all the wrong reasons. Now the role of the media should be such that they must expose the killer rather than revealing the gender basis, which is not such an important aspect if seen within the relevant settings. The society must also understand that they ought to stop sending favorable signals to the men when they commit a murder while femal es must also be treated in an equal manner because the gravity of the issue is immense, all said and done. 3. Women who commit acts of sexual offending are followed by an extreme amount of media coverage. The chapter makes the analogy of a possible different standard â€Å"in the eyes of the law,† when women are accused of engaging in acts of sexual offense and abuse. How can our society find â€Å"

Economic Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Journal - Essay Example Another effect is that consumers would tend to consume less today and wait until the prices still lower in the future. People will think that if prices are low to day, it will still decrease further in the future. Inflation is indeed harmful to the economy especially when it is paired with unemployment. However, deflation can also be detrimental to the economy. Lower prices tend to make buyers postpone their shopping thinking that prices would still lower in the future. Although it may seem that this is not a bad thing, it can affect the demand and supply of commodities in the economy. Since the consumers don't want to spend, commodities will be oversupplied and supply will swamp demand. According to Paul Krugman, "deflation discourages borrowing and spending, the very things the depressed economy needs to get going." ("What is deflation, what are the risks of deflation, and how can the Fed combat deflation")Since people do not want to spend their money, there is a tendency for firms to incur losses. This will in turn affect the employees of the company and there is a tendency for wages to drop and increase unemployment rate. Also, since deflation makes it difficult for firms to repay their debts, bankruptcy is most likely to occur and jobs will be lost. Yes, lower prices at first might seem to be pro-poor or more of an advantage to those who cannot afford some commodities. But in the long run, households and the people in the economy are still the ones who will suffer since they might lose their jobs and can add up to the problem of recession. Author: Justin Fox Title: The Economy Really Is Fundamentally Strong Magazine: TIME Publication date: October 16, 2008 Summary: It is known to everyone that America is experiencing problems with their economy. That is why when presidential candidate John McCain said that the fundamentals of the US economy are strong, many eyebrows were raised and his opponent Barack Obama didn't miss the opportunity to mock his statement. McCain's running mate Sarah Palin defended that McCain was talking about their workforce and the ingenuity of the American people. She was actually right because the American workforce and their being skillful remain to be strong in the midst of economic meltdown. Many economists assert that it is productivity growth that signals the economic well-being of a country. Productivity growth refers to the economic output per hour worked. This productivity growth was actually the reason why America was able to rise during the Industrial revolution despite the stagnation. What really caused the productivity growth during the industrial revolution is the dependence of the US in technology, electricity, combustion engine, and communication. In the mid-1990s, the engine was replaced with computers and the internet. After that, productivity growth continued to fluctuate. High productivity growth does not guarantee a good economy but it makes it more possible to have economic growth. With all these talks about productivity growth, maybe McCain was right that the fundamentals of the American economy are still strong. Analysis: The workforce of a country is

Violent Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Violent Crimes - Essay Example This is because they believe they should not be caught and brought to justice. The role of the people at large is to understand how they can find a way through which these sexual offenders are taken to task. To begin with, it is always a good omen for the society if all its inmates know exactly what is required of them and how they must manifest their truest selves towards combating any form of offense, be it sexual or physical one. The extent of the offense would subside quickly if such actions are taken on a proactive basis and hence the sexual offenders will get the idea that the society is well aware of their upcoming tactics. Some of the ramifications that have impacted the psychic of the community have been in the form of shelving their own selves since there is too much terror available within the terrains of the society. Also the people shall understand that if these sexual offenders are allowed to go on a rampage, they might destruct the basis of sanity, which indeed is a ge nuine concern if seen within the relevant thick of things. Their predatory actions need to be judged in advance so that any anomalies that might take place in the future are properly documented. The public perception matters a great deal and hence it should be accorded the significance that it richly deserves. 2. In compare some; men and women have different motives in the commitment of murder. While society normally favors the irrational behaviors of murders committed by men, the acceptance of women committing murder causes public perception to rationalize the reason for this crime. Explain how the modern day media influence our thoughts on the division of male and female acts of murder? The modern day media influence as far as murder is concerned remains largely a male oriented commitment. If females go about murdering people, it is due to the fact that they have either been subjected to harsh treatment that they have eventually resorted or perhaps they are not within their normal selves. The role of the media remains strangely unique for both the genders. Our thoughts come about as a direct result of what the media feeds us, day in and day out. It is because of the media influence that both men and women have started to see murder in a completely new light. When men commit to such an insane behavior, they are perhaps not dealt with too harshly. However, this is not the case when females are involved in it. The male and female acts of murder shed light on the premise of understanding that murder in itself is a heinous and it really does not matter who commits the crime, as long as it is being committed, and that too for all the wrong reasons. Now the role of the media should be such that they must expose the killer rather than revealing the gender basis, which is not such an important aspect if seen within the relevant settings. The society must also understand that they ought to stop sending favorable signals to the men when they commit a murder while femal es must also be treated in an equal manner because the gravity of the issue is immense, all said and done. 3. Women who commit acts of sexual offending are followed by an extreme amount of media coverage. The chapter makes the analogy of a possible different standard â€Å"in the eyes of the law,† when women are accused of engaging in acts of sexual offense and abuse. How can our society find â€Å"

Reggio Emilia research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reggio Emilia research - Essay Example Malaguzzi developed a learning program or self-guided curriculum that had basis on respect, obligation, and community principles that influenced self-discovery and contributing to the enrichment of the environment basing on the interests of the children. The basis of this curricular was to provide education coupled with care where the parents of Reggio Emilia influenced its development through their sale of military equipments that had remained after the World War II. 1. The Reggio Emilia curriculum Since its inception, the Reggio Emilia Approach to offering education has experienced immense improvements in an attempt to improve the learning standards of children. The Reggio curriculum is the Approach that emerged in which the adopters of this philosophy became the Reggio educators. As per the curriculum, the educators are responsible for developing the educational goals that are in line with the intensive expansion of knowledge. In the Reggio application, most of the curriculum impl emented through projects results from the input of children or teachers meaning that it is a flexible education Approach. Ideally, children tend to be curious beings especially when at a tender age meaning that the learning project may change depending on the subjects that have caught their eyes (Grotewell & Burton, 2008). In this learning process, the project developed by either the children or the teachers signifies that children conduct this curriculum while their teachers guide them (Arnstrong, 2006). The Reggio curriculum projects may take months before completion depending on their length meaning a shorter Reggio Emilia project may take shorter to complete. 2. What does Reggio Emilia mean? When a child starts going to school, this means that from that point forward there would be lesser parent involvement, which might be a scary thought for many parents. The lessons rely heavily on structures developed by teachers meaning that there is less play and more study work for the chi ldren. As per the Reggio Emilia Approach, the application is different because parents, teachers, and children become equal stakeholders in the learning process. Presently, the Reggio Emilia application is a module that preschools and kindergartens in the world have adopted with plans to include the program in the elementary classes in the piping. In essence, Reggio Emilia is not a philosophy that bases on a set of established beliefs, but rather it is a philosophical approach whose fundamental values focus on the learning outcomes for children. In this approach, there are several core principles embedded in the execution of this philosophy in learning that include significance of the learning environment, the child being an active participant to the learning process, making the learning visible, and having the three stakeholders of the learning process to collaborate. The most critical part of the process is influencing the children to learn more within the program through the supp ort of the parents and the teachers alike as curiosity heightens the quest for knowledge for young children. Key beliefs that the Reggio Emilia model promotes regarding the learning and development of young children According to Morrison (2010), the Reggio Emilia program is applicable to children from the age of three months to those age six years in which many schools in the USA have incorporated it into their early childhood learning systems. Ideally, the execution of

Population Growth Essay Example for Free

Population Growth Essay According to the 2007 World Population record, there are around 6,606,970,166 people who live on earth (US Census Bureau, 2008). Majority of these people come from developing countries including China and India – the first and second most populated countries in the world, respectively. From among the top ten countries in the world which was comprised of up to 3. 8 billion people, around 3. 4 billion people of them was recorded to come from developing countries (US Census Bureau, 2008). Because of these figures and taking into consideration the economic, political and social status of developing countries, analysts are wondering why fertility rates continue to increase in developing countries compared to that of their counter part developed countries. The reason behind this involves various aspects of the developing countries society. Total fertility rate or birth rate basically means â€Å"the number of children an average woman have assuming that she lives her full reproductive lifetime† (Centre for Cancer Education, 2007). As stated earlier, it has been observed that the fertility rate in developing countries remains to be higher than those from the developed countries because of some familial circumstances. One of the reasons behind the fact that most parents from developing countries will have many children is that they expect that some of their children will inevitably die because of the high mortality rate and they wanted to be assured of having a child left to care for. Moreover, since many developing countries are labor-intensive and needs a large work force, having a big family will enable their business to run faster and be more efficient. Another observable reason behind the high fertility rate is attributed to the cultural traditions of many developing countries. Since most developing countries are strongly tied with their cultural heritages, their traditional practices are still observed today even in relation to childbirth and rearing. Ultra-Orthodox Jewish women, for example, was accounted to have a large fertility rate because of their cultural tradition that having twelve children symbolizes the twelve tribes of Judah and that their family will be more united (Rozenbaum Shlam, 2005). In addition to that, many parents assume that having many children will assure people to look after them in their old age and when they are sick. But more importantly, it is perceivable that fertility rate continues to increase because many families lack family planning facilities and programs to educate them (McNeill). On the other hand, developed countries are observed to have a lower fertility rate because the standard of living in these countries are higher and having a larger family would be very expensive. Also, as compared to many women in developing countries who are assumed to stay at home like the women in Israel, more women in developed countries tend to focus on their careers. Moreover, because of increasing sexual equality movements, many women are also observed to have greater control over their fertility. Furthermore, looking back at the premise that families in developing countries lack education on family planning, in developed countries, these facilities and programs are easily accesible and available to them including contraception or strategies to control birth like pills, cervical cap, etc McNeill). According to the World Bank, a â€Å"natural population increase† emerges when birth rate is observably higher than death rate (World Bank). However, with the changing envrionmental conditions, the mortality rate in developing countries is inevitably increasing. Some reasons include: poor housing conditions, unreliable water, poor access to medical services, some endemic diseases, and other health-related problems (McNeill). On the contrary, developed countries have lower death rates because they have better housing programs, accesible medical services, and nutritious food. In all these, it is perceived that when the developing countries are juxtaposed with developed countries, a big discrepancy is observed both in the figures and in its deeper sense. Moreover, it has also been noted how mortality rate is interdependent with the fertility rate to assume a natural population growth process. Furthermore, being aware of the hindrances to the proper population increase, it is therefore an imperative to create better programs and establish facilities to be able to enhance those which are already favorable to the growth system and transform those which challenges it.

Major elements of mega-environment that impacted Xerox

Major elements of mega-environment that impacted Xerox Xerox Corporation is one of the worlds leaders in process and document management using the latest technology. Nevertheless, Xerox cannot avoid challenges from the mega-environment also known as the general environment. The mega-environment consists of several factors such as economic, legal-political and technological factors. The economy has a big impact towards Xerox. Even though Xerox is from the United States of America (USA), not only the US economy affects Xerox but the global economy too especially in nations which Xerox operates in. This is because now, the world is borderless. A change in one countrys economy affects other countries as well. The Y2K scare severely influenced Xerox as consumers became pessimistic thinking that all computers and storage devices will cease functioning because the year was recorded in two digits. In 2001, the high interest rates caused a recession which had badly affected Xerox to the extent that it was close to bankruptcy. The company recorded a loss of $344 million in two years alone (Daneman, 2010). Hoffmann (2009) states that Xerox have laid off at least 20,000 workers in 2001. The financial meltdown not too long ago has also impacted Xerox. According to Digital Trends (2008), the company will lay off 3000 employees to support the organization in the midst of the worsening economy. Reasons given by Anne Mulcahy, the ex-CEO and Chairman of Xerox, include to minimise their cost and to increase flexibility by having operational improvement throughout Xerox (Digital Trends, 2008). Xerox has also faced legal issues as the legal-political dimension also affects Xerox. Xerox faced ethical issues in the past concerning its accounts. It did not provide its investors the companys actual operational performance (Mokhiber, 2002). Some accounting information was distorted and regulations were not followed. This went against the generally accepted accounting principles which landed Xerox into trouble (Mokhiber, 2002). Xerox, which Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (ACS) is part of the company, was charged with unreasonable labour practices. According to Communications Workers of America (CWA, 2010), there was no warning given by ACS/Xerox when they dismissed fourteen EZ Pass employees who are union activist. Nevertheless, it was not long when they got their jobs back as Xerox was faced with protesters who dispute the management actions (CWA, 2010). Thus, it is of utmost important that Xerox be highly ethical. Besides, technology plays a crucial role in the development of Xerox. In fact, technology is the core of Xerox. Without it, there will not be any Xerox. Beginning as a photocopier business, it soon developed into a graphic processing firm (Bartol and Martin, 1998). Then in 1970, the Palo Alto Research Centre (PARC) was established for innovation, research and development (Xerox, 2010a). Experts and specialists in related fields were brought together to create new technologies which greatly contributed to the technology advancement of today. In fact in 1995, Xerox actually expected the booming of the handheld device industry in the next decade. Xerox became the pioneer in developing the touch-screen technology for palm-sized gadgets and this technology was soon patented (Xerox, 2010a). According to Bartol and Martin (1998), Xerox entered the digital imaging sector by introducing the DocuTech. With this machine, documents are able to be produced electronically from computers. Soon, Xer ox developed DocuSP which is able to tie digital printers to some computer hardware (Bartol and Martin, 1998). Thus, technology basically defines Xerox and its achievement. (b) Explain clearly how the major elements make up the task environment of Xerox. Xerox is also affected by several elements from the task environment. Components of the task environment include competitors, suppliers as well as the labour market. Competitors of Xerox are those corporations which operate in the same industry as Xerox and cater to the same group of customers. The industry Xerox is in mainly deals with office products and production equipment. According to Bartol and Martin (1998), one of Xeroxs tough competitors, Canon, from Japan was able to acquire a large proportion of market share in the low-end market. The public would most probably have cameras in their mind when one talks about Canon. In fact, office equipment generates as much as 77% of Canons total revenue while cameras only generate 13% (Holstein, 2002). Canon then took over the low-end market with Xerox withdrawing from the market giving reasons that they want to focus on the higher-end market instead (Holstein, 2002). Besides, Canon is entering the high-end market which had been Xerox stronghold. Holstein (2002) states that Canons laser copier market share in U.S. greatly increased in 1998 while Xeroxs market share dramatically decreased. Furthermor e, Xerox also faced competition from Ricoh. Ricoh began to introduce cheaper, smaller and more efficient machines (Funding Universe, n.d.). This definitely appeals to consumers as these machines are not only cheaper but more convenient. Ricohs plan was to get hold of the low-end market then proceed up (Funding Universe, n.d.). Thus, Xerox faces a lot of competitive pressure on a global stage. Suppliers are most definitely important for Xerox. Without suppliers, Xerox cannot operate as they cannot produce all their products and equipment. Xerox suppliers provide the company with materials needed for the production. Xerox is also lauded for its Supplier Diversity Program. Xerox has reputable relationships and partnerships with women, minority as well as service-disabled veterans businesses (Xerox, 2010b). Having a range of diverse suppliers shows that Xerox supports the whole community and does not practice discrimination. According to Xerox (2010b), the company get its suppliers to subcontract produced parts and assemblies. Besides, Fuji Xerox, its Japanese affiliate, with its business partners began to recognise the importance of social corporate responsibility in sourcing goods (Fuji Xerox, 2010). The companies looked into the issue and effects towards the environment and human rights (Fuji Xerox, 2010). The labour market is also important to Xerox. With companies like Xerox, employees are expected to be computer-literate and to be continuously innovative (Daft, 2010). However, the labour market is influenced by several parties such as labour unions and employees association (Daft, 2010). In 2008, Xerox stated that agreements concerning early retirements and medical benefits made after 1995 will no longer be valid in 2010 (West, 2009). According to West (2009), members of the Association of Retired Xerox Employees (ARXE) did a peaceful protest as they wanted to voice their concerns at the Annual Stockholders meeting. In 1980, over a hundred thousand of Xerox employees were trained in the Leadership through Quality program (Bartol and Martin, 1998). The employees addressed environmental issues and focused on quality improvements (Future 500, 2010). Xerox managed to save cost thus increasing its profit. Therefore, Xerox must pay close attention to all factors of the task environment as they affect the company in various ways. (c) Discuss the organizational cultures at Xerox during the McCullough and Kearns eras. Both Peter McCullough and David Kearns were prominent individuals in Xerox. Each of them impacted Xerox differently during different times. Both CEOs projected different organisational cultures in Xerox. According to The Times 100 (2010), organisational culture is the way things are seen and done. The culture summarises what is good and has been a success in the past (The Times 100, 2010). Nevertheless, there can be a culture shift when new managers replace the old ones like Kearns taking over as CEO of Xerox from McCullough which may change the organisations culture (The Times 100, 2010). In 1968, McCullough became the CEO of Xerox (Bartol and Martin, 1998). According to Rao (2007), McCullough greatly understood the importance and the necessity of new inventive technology. He had much confidence in research and development which resulted in the establishment of PARC. He focused a lot on innovation and development of new ideas. Thus, an entrepreneurial culture at his time. McCullough also increased the levels of the hierarchy in Xerox to manage the companys growth (Bartol and Martin, 1998). However, he overdid it which resulted in red tape. The elements of culture during the McCullough era points Xerox as a mix of Apollo and Athena organisation. There is an integration of role and task culture because McCullough emphasised on innovation while making Xerox more organised and bureaucratic as well. The red tape greatly affected Xeroxs product development. Furthermore, McCullough unwillingness to import a low-volume copy machine earlier from its affiliate, Fuji Xerox, resu lted in competitors taking control of a large proportion of the low-end market (Bartol and Martin, 1998). Then, Kearns took over as CEO in 1982 to 1990. When Kearns took control of Xerox, he was determined to change the corporate culture and place customer satisfaction as the companys top priority (ReoCites, 1996). He also focused a lot on keeping the cost low, paying more attention to customers and maintaining a high quality (Bartol and Martin, 1998). According to Bartol and Martin (1998), the companys structure became flatter as layers of management were reduced. Thus, there is more employee empowerment as decision-making is pushed to the lower levels. Employees also began focusing more on quality and customer service after going through the Leadership through Quality program (Bartol and Martin, 1998). This is in line with Kearns vision. He concentrated on customer satisfaction more than profits or market share. Hes judgment paid off when buyer satisfaction went up by 40% while complaints fell by 60% after the program was implemented (ReoCites, 1996). These are great improvements as th is will indirectly increase the profits. Although both CEOs portrayed a slightly different culture, they were important in building Xerox. Failures and missteps of both parties are taken as learning experiences while successes and achievements are recognised and remembered.

Near-Death Experiences Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Near-Death Experiences The near-death experience further depicts the ongoing debate between science and religion. While the near-death experience is definitely biology-based, many individuals associate it with a religious phenomenon. A neurobiological model of the near-experience consists of a "perception of separation from the body" (1). One can sense "moving through a dark space or tunnel" (2). Another feature is hallucinations such as "God as light" and angels (1). Some individuals also claim to hear noises at the beginning of the near-death experience and later encounter "mystical states" which are often peaceful (1). Near-death experiences can be described as an "altered state of consciousness" due to neuronal activity (1). A "dissociative" drug, ketamine induces the near-death experience and "profound religious experiences" due to mechanisms at the "mind-brain interface" (1-McGuire et al., 1995). Near-death experiences arise from the a blockage of the neurotransmitter, glutamate, by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (1). A surge of glutamate, which overactivates N-met...

Shadow And Custodial President Essay examples -- essays research paper

Shadow and Custodial Presidents Grant (1868) – Cleveland (1892)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of the world there have been many people remembered for their actions and a great deal more forgotten for no real reason. This does not exempt more recent history. After the American Civil War, six lesser-known Presidents, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, and Harrison, have been given titles of either shadow or custodial presidents. A shadow, is a section of darkness, or a part that follows behind. Some of the Presidents seem to have fallen into the shadows of other events, people, and issues. Others put themselves there, just stepping out long enough to take care of a few urgent tasks then sink back into the unknown. â€Å"Custodial Presidents† a term implying that the man is there only to fix problems already out of hand. He does not create policies or change the course of the nation, just keeps it on its way. Truthfully, some of these men are deserving of these titles. Others may not be. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 1868-1876   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of President Johnson’s term in office, Johnson and Grant began to have public disagreements about the state of the Union. Due to these quarrels Grant aligned himself with the Radical Republican political party. Grant was already well known for his triumphs during the Civil War and was thus, the popular choice for Presidential Nominee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grant was the son of an Ohio tanner. He was educated at West Point, where he graduated 21st out of 39. Grant fought in both the Mexican and Civil Wars. In 1864 President Abraham Lincoln appointed Grant to the Position of General in Chief.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As President, grant had difficulty in making wise judgements. He was a man who tried, in most ways; to be honest, but still found himself in association to dishonest acts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grant was known to accept a considerable amount of gifts from political admirers. He was also seen with the speculators, Jay Gould and James Fisk. Two men, who were planning to corner the market in gold. Grant did realize their plan, and he tried to put an abrupt halt to it. However his action caused a tremendous amount of fiduciary turmoil. Grant in no way curbed Radical Reconstruction, in the South. At times he aided it with military force.   &... ... of Presidency Harrison focused on was foreign policy. In 1889 the Pan American Congress met in Washington to establish an information center. Harrison also tried to annex Hawaii.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within the country Harrison expanded the navy, made subsidies for steamships lines available, and signed bills for internal improvements. He also wanted to protect the American consumer from monopolies, so he signed the Sherman Anti-Trust act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harrison had great problem, the tariff, facing him. He tried to make revisions in the tariff. These revisions made it so the Treasury surplus was nonexistent before the end of his term in office. Along with the surplus went the prosperity of most of the working class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harrison mostly focused, in his presidency, on issues that were important at the moment, but not so important as to be memorable. His time as President has fallen into the shadows. No great travesties or victories occurred during his time and so he will remain a shadow president.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After is retirement in Indianapolis and marriage in 1869, Benjamin Harrison died in1901, a respected man.

Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why Essay

There is no particular way to communicate according the Deborah Tannen as communication is not just saying what you mean but how one communicates the meaning. Situation varies from one person to another. Language communicates ideas but a more powerful form of communication is social behavior . Language use is a learnt social behavior that allows us to negotiate relationships and it is influenced by cultural experience . How we talk and express ourselves may be interpreted differently in other cultures and members of the opposite gender . Deborah Tannen a linguist from Georgetown University did a research on the influence of linguistic style on conversations and human relationships and found that how we learn to speak as children affects our judgment of competence and confidence plus whether we get heard in a discussion later on in adulthood . She found that man and woman communicate differently and just like cross cultural communication, misunderstanding can occur. Women according to her research were often over looked when it came to opportunities for promotion because of their lack of self confidence as seen by their male bosses. But women, as Tannen proves have grown up in a different environment to their male colleagues and have learnt to communicate differently to men . This has sometimes been interpreted as being less competent and less confident . An understanding of these differences could lead to better and fairer working environment for both men and women . As children, girls and boys play differently. Girls are more likely to learn how to develop a sympathetic relationship with others and focus on common goals rather than differences. Girls tend to balances their needs with those of others to avoid seeming over confident or bossy . Boys are more likely to learn how to develop their status in society by playing in large groups of boys whose leadership roles are defined . They are likely to use language to communicate their needs and highlight their abilities rather than down grade them in an attempt to move up the leadership hierarchy . This social behavior is carried on into adulthood and into the wo rkplace resulting in both genders having different communication skills and expressing what they mean. â€Å"Men tend to be sensitive to the power dynamics of interaction, speaking in ways that position themselves as one up and resisting being put in a one-down position by others. Women tend to react more strongly to the rapport dynamic, speaking in ways that save face for others and buffering statements that could be seen as putting others in a one-down position.†. This means that women are more likely to down grade their ability and not want to seem as boastful whereas men are more likely to speak highly of their abilities by blowing their own horn . Humans have developed a conversation ritual that demands a certain type of response. Again, Men and women have quite diverse conversational rituals. Women tend to apologies more frequently to express concern and are likely to soften criticism to help the other person save face by being indirect in her feedback. They also ritually exchange compliment by taking the one-down position and expect the other person to understand the exchange ritual and pull them up again with compliments . Men on the other hand, avoid apologies because it puts them in a one-down position. They grew up looking for ways to put others down by criticizing and pushing themselves on top . So for a woman to engage in a compliment exchange with a man by taking the one down position, would find that he will not likely pull her up but rather pull her down further and provide an advice or criticism . This significant characteristic style can put women at a disadvantage in a workplace situation and be judged as lacking in confidence. It is therefore vital for people in management positions to understand the diverse communicative style of both men and women in order to take full advantage of talented staff. There is no one right way to communicate as communication depends on the situation, the culture and linguistic style of the people.

Ocean Carriers Essay

Iron ore and coal imports will most probably decrease the upcoming year With the increasing supply of vessels should result in a market surplus By creating this surplus, prices will be driven down, since we will have limited demand and suppliers competing Average daily rates, based on historical numbers, have a direct relationship with the number of shipments. Only Accept the project if we sell after 25 years in a tax free environment Reject all of the following; sell after 15 years in both a tax and tax free environment, also after 25 years with a tax environment The longer the wait to sell; the better How Long Should Vessels Operate? The company’s current policy is to not operate ships older then 15 years old If Ocean Carrier operates for 25 years the NPV will be higher then if they operate for 15 years and sell the scrap metal ($5,368,557 vs. $2,238,411) The present value of the future cash flows exceeds the value of selling the scrap metal 10 years earlier. Hence there is greater value operating the vessel for an additional 10 years/ Iron and coal’s demand is expected to increase annually and the charter rates are expected to increase by annually for the life of the vessel. The company can generate more income if they decide to operate the ship for an additional 10 years.

Thomas Edison- Invention of the Kinetoscope- The role it played in Essay

Thomas Edison- Invention of the Kinetoscope- The role it played in development of Cinema - Essay Example Amongst the technologies that Edison invention was the Kinetoscope, which completely changed picture coverage in movies resulting into motion pictures. This paper explores Edison’s invention of the Kinetoscope and the role it played in development of Cinema before 1980. Prior to the invention of the Kinetoscope, the filming industry was devoid of motion pictures. Movie fanatics in the modern world greatly enjoy clear and perfect images of popular movie stars and blockbusters, which make movies more appealing to the eye than ever before, thanks to the invention by an iconic inventor, Thomas Edison. The history of screen exhibition can be traced back to the invention of Kinetograph camera by Edison in his research laboratories between 1887 and 1891.1 The Kinetograph was a famous device for capturing of images up to the year 1896. The Kinetograph was unable to project films and the viewing of motion pictures. The Kinetoscope, a peeping-gadget, enabled the viewing of motion pictures in the Kinetograph, but the viewing was limited to one person for a specified duration.2 The compact design of the kinetoscope restricted the duration of the early films to 50 feet, which was a commercial limitation. 3 In 1883, Edison recruited an assistant, William K.L Dickson and later shifted to West Orange from Menlo Park in 1887 where Edison built a huge research and experiment laboratory from where he worked under the motivation of Marey and Muybridge. At West Orange laboratory, Dickson conducted most of the research work, which utilized the phonograph techniques developed earlier.4 Edison travelled to Europe on august 2, 1889 to see the outcomes Jules Marey’s roll-film Chronophotographe experiment. In 1890, Sacco Albanese, an employee at one of Edison’s laboratories became the first person to use cylinder technology in filming. However, the method exhibited huge limitations in its displays and the quality of the images were poor leading to the rejection of the

Weak Form Market Efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Weak Form Market Efficiency - Essay Example However finance theory assumes idealistic models for the stock markets and formulates the investor utility functions and expectations accordingly. These models are based on perfect competition and passage of information in an unfettered manner. As Wikipedia (2007) seems to point out, "In economics and financial theory, analysts use random walk techniques to model behavior of asset prices, in particular share prices on stock markets, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. This practice has its basis in the presumption that investors act rationally and without bias, and that at any moment they estimate the value of an asset based on future expectations. Under these conditions, all existing information affects the price, which changes only when new information comes out. By definition, new information appears randomly and influences the asset price randomly. Empirical studies have demonstrated that prices do not completely follow random walk. Low serial correlations (around 0.05) exist in the short term; and slightly stronger correlations over the longer term. Their sign and the strength depend on a variety of factors, but transaction costs and bid-ask spreads generally make it impossible to earn excess returns. Researchers have found that some of the biggest prices deviations from random walk result from seasonal and temporal patterns. In particular, returns in January significantly exceed those in other months (January effect) and on Mondays stock prices go down more than on any other day. Observers have noted these effects in many different markets for more than half a century, but without succeeding in giving a completely satisfactory explanation for their persistence. Technical analysis uses most of the anomalies to extract information on future price movements from historical data. But some economists, for example Eugene Fama, argu e that most of these patterns occur accidentally, rather than as a result of irrational or inefficient behavior of investors: the huge amount of data available to researchers for analysis allegedly causes the fluctuations. Another school of thought, behavioral finance, attributes non-randomness to investors' cognitive and emotional biases". Taking an apposite viewpoint Leverton () states, "Without market fundamentals being able to predict prices, the investor is forced to learn new ways of investing.. Ratios and trend analysis are important to picking a winning portfolio. Subscribers to the adaptive expectations theory believe investors are backward looking in deciding on the correct price to pay for a stock". Realized and expected rreturns from the stock markets have been the subject of intense debate since a long period of time .Several theories suggesting various constructs and factors responsible for determining the returns from the stocks have been postulated thus far.It was not until the late 1960s and early 1970s that a fully-developed, empirically-supported theory of share prices' behavior emerged in the form of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH).Prior to the development of the EMH , analysts assumed some degree of dependence across successful price changes. Very many efforts were made towards identifying a predictable trading pattern which could be used for chasing profitable deals. From the mid-1950s to the early 1980s, a random walk theory (RWT) of share prices was developed based on the past empirical evidence of randomness in share price movements. RWT

Historical Developments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Historical Developments - Essay Example This was further intensified when the Royal Proclamation was issued by King George III, prohibiting the colonists to settle beyond the Appalachian Mountains. This was a move to strengthen the British relationships with the Native Americans. Followed by this, there were a number of Acts, namely Sugar Act (1764), Currency Act (1764), Quartering Act (1765) and Stamp Act (1765) increased the duties and taxes of the colonists. When the colonists resisted, these Acts were enforced on them. The Boston Massacre of 1770 ignited the fire between the parties and the colonists used this event to showcase the cruelty of the British. The Intolerable Act (1774) which placed restrictions on meetings and Boston harbor in response to the Boston Tea Party, was a milestone, as it resulted in the colonies forming an Association (First Continental Congress) to boycott British goods in retaliation. The open warfare at Lexington and Concord (1775) resulted in the death of 8 American men and 70 British soldi ers. This was followed by all the 13 colonies meeting to form the Second Continental Congress in May 1775 and George Washington was named the head (Gipson, 1954). Thus the growing grievances of the colonists against the restrictions placed by the British, finally resulted in the American

Human resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human resources management - Essay Example The human resource officials the mandate to ensure that diversity at the work place is well managed and utilized to achieve organizations goals and objectives(Joshi & Jackson, 2008). Actually, diversity at the work place if utilized well, it will see number of experiences and abilities put in place to solve organizations problems in a myriad ways. Thus, this is likely to bring about services that are much more all-inclusive in the process since almost different groups of customers will be represented in the workforce. A number of issues are associated with the management of diversity for human resource personnel. To begin with, the human resource officer has to ensure that they have attracted different kinds of workers with diversity to apply (Shen, Chanda, D’Netto, & Monga, 2009). The human resource manager has to ensure that description of a job is not discriminatory to any group that may be intending to work in that institution. Instead, it should be designed in a way to show that it welcomes everybody irrespective of his or her race, experience, age or even gender. Secondly one of the issues that manager has to deal with is ensuring that the recruitment process effectively targets the diverse groups. The recruitment process should ensure that it has gotten all the types of people that it needs to achieve its goals and objectives. Lastly, the human resource office has to deal with the potential biasness in the recruitment process. According to Podsiadlowski, Grà ¶schke, Kogler, Springer, & van der Zee,(2013) ignoring diversity has more harm to the organization than good. For instance, the issue can cost an organization a lot of time, efficiency and money. For instance, it will take more time for members of an organization to integrate out the requirements of the human resource office. This would not be the case if the officer understands the differences and

American politics questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American politics questions - Essay Example Moreover, the mighty state government can ask the central government to remain close to the people in state governments and to be more concerned with the needs and aspirations of the people especially relevant to small and isolated places. On the other hand, there are a number of demerits attributed to the states having a strong political role in America. As the state government is in warm relation with the central government, it is forced to obey even the one-sided decisions of the central government. It leads to duplication of government and inefficient, over-lapping or contradictory policies in such states. The unilateral policy making and decisions of the central government may lead to inequality between the states and thereby unhealthy competition and rivalry between them. The double ruling of the central as well as state government in the constituents may pave way for corruption. The phrase tyranny of majority means a situation in democracy where the party that gets majority of votes has the sole role in formulating policies and making decisions completely snubbing the interests and role of the minority. The term also indicates that the interests of the ruling party will be prevailed and this ignores individual interests; and such a situation can be regarded as the rule of a dictator or tyrant. Even if the decision taken by the ruling party has some evil effects, it will remain in force. Suppose the majority is 51% and the minority is 49%, a huge number of 49% people will have to suffer for the tyranny of a simple majority. To overcome the deficiencies of such a government Madison proposed the establishment of a new Constitutional republic government in which the scheme of representation takes place. According to him, it can avoid the tendency of â€Å"tyranny of majorities† that occurs in pure democracy through two basic means (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt, 45-47). In the first place, the representative

Aims and Objectives for Teaching and Learning Essay Example for Free

Aims and Objectives for Teaching and Learning Essay The successful teacher is the armed teacher. Lessons’ plans and repertoire of activities are our arms. In order to achieve genuine communication in the classroom, every lesson should be wisely planned and perfectly provided having balanced variety of activities. The teacher of ESOL must manage the class involving all the students all the time to make them active learners. First of all, the teacher is to create a comfortable atmosphere in the classroom according to TESOL general principles. They are: 1. â€Å"Look after your students. 2. Be a caring person. 3. Raise students\ self-esteem. 4. Give deserved praise. 5. Be yourself.† Every lesson should start with friendly chatting with students in a natural way to give them the opportunity to act in real life and to show them the teacher interest. E.g. Ask them about last weekend at the week beginning. It is absolutely important to pronounce the students names correctly. When having difficulties, we may involve the students in learning their names asking them to explain the name meaning and to correct our pronunciation. Paying attention to every student is a clue to a genuine communication. So, we are to look at all the students in the class. The caring teacher moves around the class as a ‘prowling lion’ to make the students feel encouraged, and changes their focus at the moment the subject of learning is changing. E.g. When talking about nature, move to the window and ask some student to describe the sky, another student to talk about the trees behind the window, and so on. We must care about the seating model of the classroom. Facing with standard rows we need to rearrange the furniture to circle or semi-circle/horseshoe to create the most comfortable communication. If rearranging is impossible the teacher may ask the students to walk around the class to find partners for pair/group work. Also, we can make groups asking one pair to turn round to another pair when seating in rows. We may see the separate tables for groups in some schools. This model is also appropriate as allows the teacher to move around the class prompting and explaining something to the table groups. The furniture arrangement may be dynamic, changing every lesson according to the activities. As to a groupwork, it is one of the best techniques of involving the students into communication. The preferred number of students for the group is five to have the opportunity to of major view because of an odd number. The group of five students is big enough to participate in communicative activities (e.g. role-plays, information/opinion gaps and collaborative work), and small enough for effective interaction. However, we may divide the students into smaller or bigger groups, pairs, and teams according to the activities. When organizing a pairwork/groupwork we should take into account some aspects: †¢ friendship. People in the group are to be pleasant to each other. We can make it clear asking the students to write the confidential lists of their preferences and dislikes; †¢ nationality. Teaching multi-lingual classes we shouldn’t put into groups the students of the same nationality to avoid the using of the mother tongue. †¢ streaming. Weak and strong students are to be mixed in pairs and groups to make cooperative work to be effective and helpful. †¢ gender and status. According to some contexts, we can’t put men and women into one group. Also, teaching business English, we should know the status of our students to be sure in the appropriateness of putting people together. We must always remember about L.T.T.T. as we want to achieve genuine communication. The more students speak, the more they learn how to do it. So, we should decrease our talking to increase the talking of our students. E.g. Explaining the grammar involve the students asking them for their examples of the point. Using the white/black board we must write clearly. It’s possible to print something if keeping a board in order is difficult. The white/black board is quite appropriate instrument for various activities as table filling, games, errors’ correction, etc. Encouragement is the cornerstone of communication in class. ‘No!† may discourage everyone. That’s why we should use the more kind intonation as ‘No, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Frequent use of ‘good’ is also appropriate, as in ‘Good, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Giving a puzzled expression to encourage a student to reformulate the sentence is good practice to keep high level of motivation to communicate. Grammar terminology needs to be minimized as it possible. Bur the teacher must know the grammar to keep the credibility. Encouraging students to learn English outside the classroom develops their receptive and productive skills. As for extensive listening, we can find various authentic materials on the Internet. E.g. news reports, radio podcasts, TEFL listening materials, TV shows, songs, etc. To develop the extensive reading we can build up a library of suitable books in our SAC. We can create the website to involve students in writing their blogs for informal communication. And we can go outside the classroom for speaking in an informal environment. Agency gives students the opportunity to make some decisions about the learning process and keeps them encouraged. Learning journals brings much sense helping the students to communicate freely and creating the dialogue between teacher and student. Questions are very popular in a communicative approach. But we should remember some rules: †¢ don’t address the question to keep the attention; †¢ use ‘wait time’ to encourage; †¢ don’t ask students in fixed order, be unpredictable; †¢ ask everyone equally. Two types of questions, i.e. closed and open-ended, help to activate students’ mind in various ways. The open question is appropriate for the lesson starting to focus the students’ attention on the topic. To manage the students successfully we must differentiate their work according to the abilities by task, by support, or my homework. We must be armed at all points to manage interruptions. For example, to have extra copies of textbooks, pencils, and rubbers in the case they may be forgotten; don’t wait for coming-late people; give an extra explanation for lost-on-point students; deal with personal problems outside class time. To help students to process information we should use a VAK presentation that allows different types of learners to accept the point using their best way, i.e visual, auditory or kinesthetic. Creating the successful classroom let us avoid the problem behavior of the students. Engaged and successful students with raised self-esteem have no t ime and purpose to behave badly.

Leadership and Management in Nursing Care Delivery Models

Leadership and Management in Nursing Care Delivery Models A care delivery model is an integral component for delivering patient care. Nursing care delivery model is a way of organizing at the unit level to facilitate the delivery of nursing care to the patients (Tiedeman Lookinland, 2004). Organization of care is a key factor that determines quality of nursing care (Tiedeman Lookinland, 2004). Various types of care delivery models have been designed to meet the goals of efficient and effective nursing care While many different care delivery models are practiced in the wards and departments of the acute care hospital that I work in, it is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss them all. In the 20 bedded medical oncology ward that I work in, nursing care delivery is organised into team and primary nursing. Six beds are allocated to transplant patients. One registered nurse is assigned to be the primary nurse of three transplant patients each. The other fourteen patients are split between two teams of nurses. Each team has a registered nurse, an enrolled nurse and a patient care assistant. Thus, this paper is concerned with these two modes of organization of care. An overview of primary and team nursing models of care will be presented. Thereafter, the experiences of nurses involved in the delivery of care using these models of care will be discussed with regards to job satisfaction and quality of care. Description of Care Delivery Model Primary Team Emerging in the United States in the1960s, the primary nursing model involves patients being allocated to individual nurses (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). One registered nurse is allocated a number of patients for whose care this nurse is accountable during the patients hospital stay (OConnell, Duke, Bennett, Crawford, Korfiatis, 2006; Tiedman Lookinland, 2004).The nurse-patient relationship is the backbone of primary nursing. The primary nurse collaborates with other health team members, the patient and family to continually assess, plan, implement, and evaluate the patients nursing care (Reed, 1988; Sellick, Russell, Beckmann, 2003; Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). When the primary nurse is unavailable to provide care, associate nurses follow the plan of care developed by the primary nurse, unless a change in patients condition necessitates a modification of the care plan, so as to maintain the continuity of care for the patients (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). Team Nursing Implemented in the 1940s as a response to the nursing shortage resulting from the World War II, team nursing is based on the premise of collaboration and division of responsibilities for the nursing care of patients (Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). In team nursing, nurses and ancillary staff with different levels of education, skills and licensure are assigned to teams and each team provides total nursing care to the patients assigned to that team (OConnell et at., 2006; Tiedman Lookinland, 2004). Leadership for each team is provided by a team leader, who is an experienced registered nurse responsible for planning and supervising the provision of nursing care for patients cared for by team members. The team leader has overall accountability for coordinating the nursing care provided, while the team members are accountable for completing their assigned tasks and for documenting the care delivered (OConnell et at., 2006). Nursing Staff Job Satisfaction Primary Team One of the most important gains of primary nursing for the nurses interviewed was more contact and enhanced relationships with patients. One nurse said, I know more about each of my patients and do not constantly have to get to know new ones. These views are consistent with Mccleod and Stellas (1992) study where nursing staff on medical and surgical wards were asked what they liked about primary nursing. Participants liked the enhanced relationships and collaboration with patients and other members of the healthcare team. To be able to take care of the same patients day after day was greatly appreciated by the nurses interviewed. This continuity of care led to the development of good relationships between the primary nurse and the patient as well as with relatives. This is an aspect that the nurses found increased their levels of job satisfaction (McCleod Stella, 1992). Primary nursing facilitated an in-depth knowledge of their patients and as a consequence, the nurses felt more able to act as a patients advocate. Nurses verbalised they had additional responsibility and accountability as all duties and responsibilities in taking care of a patient for his or her duration of stay is delegated entirely on a single nurse. The primary nurses interviewed perceived that they had the authority to make clinical judgments and decisions for the benefit of the patient. Their use of phrases such as freedom from control by others, ability to plan and organize the workday, using knowledge to make decisions and advocating for the patient described autonomy. Autonomy refers to the ability to act according to ones knowledge and judgment, providing nursing care within the full scope of practice as defined by existing professional, regulatory, and organizational rules (Gagnon, Bakker, Montgomery, Palkovits, 2010). The nurses noted that through practicing primary nursi ng, their autonomy was increased. There is a substantial body of evidence indicating that nurses perceived autonomy is linked to job satisfaction. A study by Melchior, Halfens, Abu-Saad, Philipsen, van den Berg Grassman (1999) investigated the effects of a primary nursing care delivery system on the work environment among nurses working in long-stay psychiatric care settings. Results showed that as a result of primary nursing, the nurses found more autonomy in their work and thus experienced increased job satisfaction. Similarly, Macguire and Botting (1990) analysed the perceptions of nursing staff, following the introduction of primary nursing into an acute medical ward for elderly people. Nurses reported better communication, improved relationships and increased responsibility after implementing primary nursing. It appeared that both increased autonomy of practice and increased knowledge of specific patients, coupled with a greater continuity of care, gave nurses a high level of satisfaction than did previous meth ods of care delivery (Macguire Botting, 1990). On the downside, some nurses commented that working in a primary care system tends to be isolating and this proved to be particularly difficult when they were looking after a critically ill patient. These experiences mirrored those reported by nurses in the study by Manley, Hamill, and Hanlon (1997). Team Nursing Nurses practicing team nursing commented that working as a team was a lot better, because then they can have somebody else backing them up. According to OConnell et at. (2006), working collaboratively with team members serves to enhance job satisfaction, as many find this to be a learning experience that utilizes the expertise of each team member. This was supported by Rafferty, Ball, and Aiken (2001) who demonstrated that nurses who report a higher level of teamwork are more satisfied with their jobs, plan to stay in them, and are likely to experience less stress. However, enrolled nurses and the patient care assistants interviewed added that they felt the staff nurses were spending too much time with medications and writing reports while they were left to do the heavy manual work. A similar finding was demonstrated by OConnell et al. (2006). In this study, both registered nurses and enrolled nurses felt that the team-nursing model sometimes involved an uneven and unfair division of tasks that overburdened some nurses. The medication responsibilities of registered nurses within the team-nursing model imposed excessive demands on enrolled nurses as they were left with meeting the hygiene needs for the patients in their group without assistance. These tensions led to a decrease in job satisfaction. Quality of Care Primary Team The nurses interviewed felt patients were more satisfied when primary nursing was in place because they received individualized care as a result of continuity and coordination of care. Primary nursing has led to the nurses having a better knowledge of the patient. Nurses pointed out that primary nursing enabled them to know each patient more closely. One nurse remarked, I know my patients like the back of my hand. Therefore, it was easier to find out what each patient needed and to meet those needs appropriately. Jenny and Logan (1992) suggest that greater knowledge of the patient is linked to the increased likelihood of picking up subtle changes in the patients condition. In addition, Perala and Hentinen (1989) found that through primary nursing, doctors received information about patients that was more exact and relevant because nurses knew their patients better. This enabled nurses to provide more applicable and effective patient centred nursing care. In response to this therapeut ic relationship, the patient feels more secure about and satisfied with nursing care (Jenny Logan, 2000). The nurses views were supported by the findings of Radwin (2000). In this study conducted over a 3-year period, oncology patients were asked to identify qualities of nursing care that were important to them. Professional knowledge, joint decision making between the patient and the nurse, individualized treatment plans, promptness to addressing individualized needs and continuity of care were some aspects of care delivery that were identified. Team Nursing Nurses interviewed said that since staff was supervised more closely, the likelihood of missing things out was low. This, they felt, resulted in patients receiving better care. This sentiment was echoed by the nurses in OConnell et al.s (2006) study. Moreover, nurses added that the patients benefitted from the combined skills of the team. According to the study by Cioffi and Ferguson (2009), team nursing made a difference to patient care as it was patient-oriented, all the nurses in the team were familiar with the patients receiving care, care was more complete as things were missed less often and staffs were supervised more closely. This resulted in patients receiving better care. In conclusion, providing care to a group of patients require nurses to be more efficient and use their time more effectively. Nursing care delivery models facilitate this. This paper has provided an overview of primary and team nursing care delivery models. The experiences of nurses were discussed with regards to job satisfaction and quality of care in the two models. Literature supporting the nurses experiences was then explored.