Formal and Informal Assessments Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Sample free essay sample

Presentation Present day examinations are army to such an extent that it is profoundly difficult to sort them intently. These evaluations have as their essential guide the estimating of the results or impacts of course and procurement. They are expected to demonstrate primarily schoolroom securing. Teachers all things considered order evaluations into two general classs: formal and casual. Formal examinations will in general use normalized signifiers and many are distributed by enormous demonstrating organizations while casual evaluations are typically made as well as performed by schoolroom teachers. Be that as it may. a few essayists accept that schoolroom preliminaries can be formal †in the event that they are expertly arranged and run into appropriate demonstrating criterions.Formal evaluations. as differentiated to casual evaluations. are those that have been planned and approved by proficient preliminary shapers for explicit aims, for example, mensurating scholarly achievement or educa tion degrees. These preliminaries have been pilot tried and managed to agent populaces of comparable people to acquire regularizing informations. So the central preferred position of any conventional evaluations is its high reliability coefficient and great cogency. since they have been tried on agent test populaces. Consequently. generally they can be regulated in a wide range of scenes and as yet deliver trustworthy data. These days. we have two significant sorts of formal examinations that are utilized to mensurate understudy capacities and achievement. They are the standard referenced and model reference preliminaries. The standard referenced preliminaries endeavor to gauge an exceptional student’s open introduction by contrasting it with the open introduction of some other etched gathering of understudies on a similar preliminary ( Gage A ; Berliner ( 1998 ) . So. while standard referenced preliminaries step understudy open introduction against that of different student’s. model referenced preliminaries step it against some endless supply of open introduction or standard. Ordinarily the substance and achievements and estimated on basis referenced preliminaries are substantially more explicit than on standard referenced preliminaries. So. clearly each gives various kinds of data to teachers to use. On the off chance that the teacher is keen on how their understudies contrast with students somewhere else. outcomes from standard referenced preliminaries are clearly called for. Norm-referenced examinations consequently have the undermentioned preferences: ( 1 ) permit comparings inside an impossible to miss school. domain. or then again region. For delineation. achievement degrees in all sixth classs in an impossible to miss an area may be contrasted and those from different regions. furthermore, ( 2 ) high estimations of constancy and cogency in light of the fact that the standards depend on huge populaces. The standard referenced preliminaries. in any case. other than have burdens: ( 1 ) doesn’t state how great a predetermined arrangement of school or educator points are being achieves. also, ( 2 ) will non state how students are directly making in contrasting with past open introduction on privately inferred points. Once in a while a teacher is non worried about how great a student performs contrasted with different understudies. however, regardless of whether the understudies displays progression in larning. So. the teacher uses model referenced preliminaries which offer the undermentioned points of interest: ( 1 ) flexibly data about a student’s level of open introduction corresponding to some predefined natural structure of cognizance or rundown of settled upon points. ( 2 ) data got is better for naming understudy inconveniences and for estimating the level to which school wide or framework expansive aims are being accomplished. The outcomes of basis referenced preliminaries. in any case. other than has impediments: ( 1 ) do non let for comparings of students in an impossible to miss setting with national standards. so rule referenced preliminary slam can non deliver significant comparings or measures ( Mehrens A ; Ebel. 1997 ) ; ( 2 ) inadequacy unvarying models. also, the perusing o f the tonss is simply every piece great as the methodology used to put the capability degrees ( Hambleton et Al. . 1998 ) . Though demonstrating specializers have the significant obligation for formal evaluations. schoolroom teachers are liable for casual evaluations. When all is said in done. casual examinations are ordinarily alluded to as educator made preliminaries or schoolroom preliminaries. These preliminaries have non been tried on a few example populaces and consequently are non joined by standardizing informations. Four kinds of casual ( substitute ) examinations are: different pick preliminaries. fiting type preliminaries. genuine bogus preliminaries. furthermore, paper preliminaries. The various decision preliminary normally comprises of providing students with three sorts of explanation: a root. which represents an occupation or asks a request. the correct answer. which tackles the activity or answers the request right. what's more, distracters. a few articulations which are conceivable. in any case, wrong. Various decision preliminary is considered by most preliminary specializers to be the best kind of casual examination as though reasonably composed can hold these points of interest: ( 1 ) tap a few sorts of more significant level idea and scientific achievements. furthermore, ( 2 ) has high reliability and objectiveness. However, it other than offers the undermentioned drawbacks: ( 1 ) great numerous decision focuses are difficult to make as conceivable distractors could be elusive or playing. furthermore, ( 2 ) builds the result of reasoning especially if non painstakingly built. An adjusted however progressively hard signifier of various decision preliminary is the coordinating kind preliminary wherein choices are recorded in another section on the other hand of in an arrangement. In a copy preliminary. there are regularly two arrangements of related realities which are to be coordinated by organizations of images. with Numberss of letters to bespeak their legitimate connections. Coordinating preliminary has the undermentioned favorable circumstances: ( 1 ) covers a sensibly large entirety and combination of substance. what's more, ( 2 ) requests are simpler to work than different decision requests. by the by. since just one reaction point must be built for each root. Be that as it may, blending to Gronlund ( 1998 ) . two hindrances with copy preliminaries are: ( 1 ) assurance homogeneous preliminary and reaction focuses that are significant in footings of points and larning results. what's more, ( 2 ) require callback rather than appreciation and increasingly modern degrees of thought. be that as it may, such focuses are hard to manufacture. One methods for recognizing prior scholarly realities is the valid and-bogus. or then again in addition to short. or then again right-wrong preliminary. Valid and bogus preliminaries are comprised of a figure of explanations. some of which are valid and others. bogus. Understudies taking this preliminary assign which proclamations are valid by answering T. Truly. or on the other hand True. the bogus 1s are assigned by F. No or False. Fitting to Ebel ( 1993 ) . the main favorable circumstances of genuine bogus focuses are: ( 1 ) their ease of building and stamping. ( 2 ) can cover a major substance nation. furthermore, a major figure of focuses can be introduced in an endorsed cut period. In any case, pundits state that genuine bogus focuses have about no worth as a result of these detriments: ( 1 ) it advance. what's more, even respect. thinking. furthermore, step memorisation rather than comprehension. what's more, ( 2 ) will in general excite the reaction set of quiet submission. t hat is. the reaction of individuals who state yes ( or â€Å"true† ) when in vulnerability ( Gage and Berliner. 1998 ) . To larn how an understudy thinks. invasions work. composes. furthermore, uses psychological assets. paper preliminaries are used. A few governments advocate using words, for example, â€Å"why. † â€Å"how. † and â€Å"what impacts. † while other preliminary specializers ask words, for example, â€Å"discuss. † â€Å"examine. † â€Å"explain. † â€Å"identify. † â€Å"compare. † and â€Å"contrast† in building the article requests ( Gage and Berliner. 1998 ) . Paper tests offers the undermentioned points of interest: ( 1 ) utilized solidly for discovering how great an understudy can break down. blend. measure. accept sensibly. work out occupations. furthermore, theorize. ( 2 ) the effortlessness and short clasp engaged with building the article requests. The significant inconveniences are: ( 1 ) the impressive clasp to peruse and quantify answers. furthermore, ( 2 ) the abstraction of hiting or rating partiality. Notices Ebel. R. L. ( 1993 ) . Necessities of Educational Measurement. 3rderectile brokenness. Macmillan. New York. Pot. N. L. what's more, Berliner. D. C. ( 1998 ) .Educational Psychology. 4Thursdayerectile brokenness. . Mifflin. Boston. Gronlund. N. E. ( 1998 ) .How to Construct Achievement Tests. 4Thursdayerectile brokenness. . Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs. NJ. Hambleton. R. et Al. ( 1998 ) . â€Å"Criterion-Referenced Testing and Measurement: A Review of Specialized Issues and Developments. †Review of Educational Research. paper introduced at the one-year meeting of the American Educational Research Association. New Orleans. Mehrens. W. A. A ; Ebel. R. L. ( 1997 ) .Measurement in Education. fourth erectile brokenness. . Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs. NJ.

Compensation HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pay HR - Essay Example This is for the most part used to figure out which occupation ought to get a more significant salary than the other. There are strategies utilized in work assessment, for example, work reviewing, work positioning and factor correlation. Employment assessment is favorable as it assists with characterizing a vocation as indicated by an individual specialization in order to fix the most attractive compensation on it. Occupation assessment examination likewise helps while choosing work that identifies with the capabilities of a worker. Employments are assessed by positioning occupations. This is by assessing a vocation utilizing a solitary factor, for example, how specialized a vocation is, or the instructive level requires expected to play out the activity successfully. The more specialized a vocation and the higher the instructive level required, the higher the activity is positioned. Pay is then founded on the positioning where the most noteworthy in the rank is paid more (Poels and F rans 22). Pay studies are ordinarily utilized in work assessment. This is by contrasting an occupation and a similar sort of employment, with a similar depiction and similar desires in another association in the activity advertise. This aides in knowing how serious the association is when contrasted with different associations. Because of this overview, the scopes of pay rates are regularly reconsidered when the review shows the need of a modification. This enables the association to remain serious in the market. Pay program is significant in drawing in and holding skilled representatives. The program is ordinarily done by the human asset chief. This is typically done along with the preparation and improvement official. The point of a preparation and advancement official is to learn the exhibition of representatives. This is in order to check whether they have arrived at the set objective of on the off chance that they have improved in their exhibition. This helps the human asset supervisor office in effectively directing the pay program. Legitimacy increment is given dependent on the presentation of a representative where, if a worker performs better, they show signs of improvement pay. There is

Essay on planning,preparing administering test Essay

Tests are formal appraisal instruments that are utilized to pass judgment on understudy intellectual capacity in a scholastic order just as to assemble data about students’ psychomotor execution. Tests for the most part comprise of arrangement of inquiries, explanations, or errands that are directed to an understudy or gathering of understudies. So as to build up a decent appraisal it requires appropriate arranging, arrangement lastly organization of the test. The improvement of a test that precisely quantifies understudy accomplishment requires cautious arranging. Making arrangements for tests should begin with an assessment of understudy results recognized in the instructional destinations. A goal is a specialized gadget that indicates the information, abilities, and demeanor expected of understudies toward the finish of an exercise. Targets additionally incorporate 3 segments Conditions: recognize what is accessible to understudies (asset material, conditions and so on.) .Execution: determine the ideal quantifiable and perceptible understudy result (what the understudy will have the option to do).Criteria: indicate guidelines or capability for agreeable execution. Create test things Test things are delegated objective or emotional. Target test things (valid or bogus, numerous â€choice, coordinating, and consummation) are anything but difficult to compose and score and can test huge measure of substance; be that as it may, they are restricted to realities, urge speculating and neglect to gauge more elevated levels of psychological learning. Emotional test things permit understudies to communicate their considerations and require showing of dominance of instructional goals. Legitimacy is the degree to which a test estimates what it was expected to gauge. Unwavering quality gives a gauge of consistency of test outcomes. All tests must be substantial and solid to precisely gauge understudy accomplishment. Everything from understudy sickness to testing condition can influence test legitimacy and dependability. Arranging test things Test things ought to be amassed by type and expanding trouble. Test things ought to likewise be checked for irregularities and follow an equal arrangement. Experienced test designers read the test for comprehension and lucidity preceding organization. Clear and compact test headings must be grown so understudies see how, where, and when to give reactions. Direct Test-before organization, instructors ought to likewise think about the physical setting of the testing condition. At last, educators ought to likewise consider the mental elements like uneasiness and test pressure that influence understudies by clarifying the explanation behind the test and adequatelyâ preparing understudies for the test. Not many focuses an instructor needs to remember before controlling test are-furnish understudies with training test things, show to understudies that you anticipate that them should prevail on the test and that you are accessible to support them. Finally talk about the parameters of the test. The whole methodology whenever followed by instructors and disclosed to understudies ahead in time, it is particularly likely that the understudies will encounter achievement. In this way, evaluation ought to be a push to push instruction ahead and an uncommon apparatus that would give understudy a favorable position in the study hall.

Mrs. Mommy MDs Journey An Interview with Jasmine Johnson

IUSM student Jasmine Johnson Next up in our series of featured med school bloggers is Jasmine Johnson, author of the blog The Mrs. The Mommy, The M.D., mother, wife, and last but not least, future doctor/med student. Enjoy Jasmines thoughtful answers and use them to help you make your way through the med school admissions process. Accepted: First, can you tell us a little about yourself – where are you from, where did you go to school and when did you graduate; and what prior degrees do you hold? Jasmine: I am from Long Beach, Indiana (a SMALL town about an hour outside of Chicago and less than 15 minutes from Michigan), I graduated from the University of Michigan – Ann Arbor in 2009 with my Bachelors in Brain, Behavior, Cognitive Science. I also did a year of a Masters program post-undergrad, but I did not complete all the classes for my Masters because I started medical school the following year. Accepted: Is med school anything like you had expected it to be? Jasmine: Yes and no. Sometimes it is extremely overwhelming – you get to a point where you feel like you couldn’t possibly learn/memorize anything else, but you can and you do! You study so much that you begin to dream about studying. You go through periods of time where you haven’t watched any TV, haven’t talked to any of your closest friends, and even study while working out and driving places (thanks to recorded lectures and QBank apps). But then there are those times when you are able to balance. You are able to cook healthy dinners, catch up with friends, shop, veg out on DVR, read a magazine, take a bubble bath, clean your house, and in my case take your son somewhere new and fun to make great memories. In a lot of ways medical school is even harder than what I expected it to be, but it also surprises me because my classmates and I are able to find balance and sanity in our everyday lives as well. Which is such a blessing! Accepted: How many medical schools did you apply to? How did you decide on your chosen program?   Jasmine: Initially I applied to 15 schools. My MCAT score was average (25S) and my overall application was decent but nothing spectacular. But it was late in the cycle so I wasn’t picky about where I applied, because wanted to increase my possibility of an interview as much as I could. I got two interviews, but no acceptances. After not getting accepted into a school, I matriculated into the Masters of Science in Medical Science program. The MSMS program is a two-year Masters program that was developed to better prepare students for admission to medical school. The curriculum consists of one that mimics the first and second years of medical school at IUSM. In addition, there is a 10-week MCAT prep to help you increase your score so that your application is more competitive. Some students apply straight to the program and other students are recommended for the program because they are not accepted into the medical school – like me. Students can either complete the two years of the program for their Masters or they can leave the program after the first year and enter medical school if they are accepted (and students have gotten into school all over the country, not just IUSM). My second application cycle I felt like I was a more competitive applicant, and more equipped to tell admissions committees why I was now ready to succeed in medical school. Also, the second time around, I was more strategic. It was earlier in the cycle when I submitted primaries (August), my overall MCAT score was higher (30R), and I was going into a Master’s program whose goal was to strengthening my application all around for medical school. I ultimately was accepted to Indiana University School of Medicine and Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta. I loved both schools for different reasons because they were both very different in student body size, hospital exposure, and location, but IUSM offered me a four-year full tuition scholarship, so that sweetened and sealed the deal. As stated before, the first time my application overall was average and I submitted my primaries on their deadline dates (which in medical school application terms is considered late). I think that no matter where you fall on the distribution of MCAT scores, GPA, etc., getting your application in earlier is ALWAYS better. There are more spots available at that time so there is a greater chance that you would secure an interview then, instead of the late push to fill the last spots in the class. Accepted: What courses or experiences or people motivated you to go into medicine? Jasmine: My dad is a surgeon, so he was definitely responsible for exposing me to medicine at an early age. He never pushed my three younger brothers or I to follow in his footsteps, but when we wanted to spend time with our dad, a lot of it was tagging along with him to the hospital. When I was 14, I started helping out at his office (i.e. filing charts) and that is when I got to actually see his interaction with patients. When I got older, he allowed me to sit in on a few surgeries. I thought everything was so fascinating. It was awesome how he is able to help so many people and change lives every day. I kept an open mind and pursued many interests, but there was an early hunch that medicine would be the profession for me. Accepted: What is your favorite class so far? Jasmine: Gross Anatomy has been my favorite class hands down! Our professors were passionate about what they were teaching and kept it very interesting. You could also tell that they cared about us as people and not just as students. One of my teachers still asks me about my son and husband when we see each other in the halls. It was one of our most challenging classes, and the sheer volume of information memorized alone is enough to make your head spin, but the things I learned in anatomy have definitely carried over into a lot of my other classes. Accepted: What are you looking forward to most in your upcoming clerkships? Jasmine: I am looking forward to the patients! I think that one of my strengths is interacting and connecting with people, so I cannot wait to actually be responsible for developing a relationship with my patients and caring for them. The didactic years were interesting and I definitely learned a lot, but my classmates and I are all ready to dive in and really learn how to apply what we learned as practicing clinicians. Accepted: Finally, which is harder being a mom or being a med student? Jasmine: HA! Definitely being a mom. Motherhood is one thing you cannot turn off – not that I would ever want to. You can be a medical student at school and disconnect a bit at home, but when I walk in the door at home, my son expects me to be there for him as his mom regardless of how things went at school that day – regardless of how late I stayed up after he was asleep. And I want to be there for him – my body may be in the library but my heart is at home with him and it makes it really tough to stay away. There is no doubt that medical school has been very challenging, but as I watch my son grow, it just emphasizes the fact that the rigor of medical school is only temporary, but my little boy will always be my son and what I put into parenting and loving him now will determine the direction of our relationship for years to come. Do you want to be featured in Accepted.coms blog, Accepted Admissions Blog? If you want to share your med school journey with the world (or at least with our readers), email us at bloggers@accepted.com.      Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best

Getting to Know a Bit More about Justin Bieber - 544 Words

Transcript 1 – Interview Interviewer - Hello everybody (s) and welcome to another edition of asking questions (s) I will be joined today by the apparently famous – Justin Beiber - Thanks so much im really happy to – Interviewer – I WAS NOT DONE SPEAKING (2.0) DONT YOU NEVER INTRUPT ME AG – Justin Beiber – Geez sorry Interviewer – (sighs) (1.5) are we gonna have a problem Justin Beiber – What Interviewer – Dont you what me were live right now, if this shit carries on I will pimp slap you (1.0) we clear Justin beiber – yeh sorry Interviewer – (sighs) Lets (s) just start over ok Justin beiber – sure Interviewer – Hello everybody (s) and welcome to another edition of asking questions (0.5) I will be joined today by the rather bratty Justin Beevers Justin beiber – Im sorry bu- Interviewer – accepted Justin Beiber – no (s) its just you said beevers (0.5) its beiber Interviewer – you sure (s) because it says beevers on my card here Justin beiber – no (s) im pretty sure. Interviewer – anyways it’s a (s) really excited to talk to you specially right in the middle of your public meltdown (3.0) Justin Beiber – you (1.0) gonna say anything Interviewer – yeh (s) its just that ive never interviewed an 8 year old before so (2.0) when youre in a concert (s) what are you thinking on stage Justin Beiber – Sometimes im like (s) damn I wish I was watching mythbusters right now Interviewer – mhm (s) do you ever accidentally sing that instead of your lyrics (s) I wish I wasShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney : A Bad Idea1317 Words   |  6 Pagesisis illuminati justin bieber TMNT foot clan faze clan squad following him with chloroform doritos tons of mountain dew and a silenced glock. There plan was to take control of disneyland and one direction they they would be able to cripple the world and take total control. I was running for my life I should have known that besides all the measles and creepy mascots disneyland was a bad idea. As I was running I could hear all the screams of terror from poor civilians as Justin bieber sang his evil songRead MoreEssay about YouTube: More than Entertainment1342 Words   |  6 Pages More than 1 billion people visit YouTube on a monthly basis (Reuters). To put that in perspective, The United States only a population of 317.6 million, while the highest, China, has a population of 1.355 billion (). Youtube has become so re nowned, it has gone from a noun to a verb. Want to watch someone getting trying to do stunts but failing? YouTube it. Want to see a monkey fling its poo at someone? Well maybe not, but yes its probably on YouTube. Or want to learn how to do a useful taskRead MoreWhy Do We See so many Repeat Offenders?2509 Words   |  10 Pagesand all they know is what the others do and say. When this happens, it could potentially lead that someone down a bad path of crime, drugs, and violence. Crime, violence, and drugs are what ruins the lives of good people. The â€Å"ghetto† is a rough place to live since they are mainly rundown and not kept up very well. People who live there are more times than not ones who live on government assistance, they either work a very low paying job or they do not work at all. With the little bit of money thatRead MoreEssay On Cd1383 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Drucker once said, â€Å"The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer, so well the product or service fits him and sells itself. This is what making and marketing a CD is all about. Because of its many parts, such as writing, producing, and designing, making a CD is an arduous process, but it is all about making the product for the consumer and not the seller. Marketing a CD also has a couple parts and it is about providing a way for the product to reach the consumer’s hands. DueRead MoreMy Best Friend Angel At My House1206 Words   |  5 Pagescan smell sunscreen in the air, you can even faintly hear the ice cream man’s music in the distance. School had just gotten out about a week ago and I was finally considered a sophomore. My best friend Angel at the time had stayed the night at my house. She was constantly at my house, it was almost as if she lived there. My phone vibrated and woke me up, it was about 12 o clock in the afternoon. There was a text from my mom saying that she and my dad were going to Charleston, South CarolinaRead MorePer suasive Speech On Too Much Homework1423 Words   |  6 Pagescause sleep deprivation, stress, and multiple other problems (that, clearly, we dont have time for). Everyone has a favorite song, right? Whether its a good ol’ country song by Alan Jackson or the newest Justin Bieber hit, everyone has their go-to, â€Å"dance like nobody’s watching† jam. But, what about all of those other â€Å"favorite songs† that came before RiRi and DJ Khaled? Chances are you got tired of them. You bumped it up in the car for the up-teenth time and decided â€Å"I’m tired of this!† SKIP! If thisRead MoreHannah Montan Did She Really Get The Best Of Both Worlds?1612 Words   |  7 Pageswould tune into Disney and watch as Miley Stewart would transform herself into Hannah Montana. The show had a continuous four seasons, with Hannah Montana being an internationally known name. However, with fame and fortune Miley Cyrus got a little more than what she bargained for. Hannah, eventually came to dominate Miley Cyrus personal life. Since her Hannah days, Miley Cyrus has traded in her sparkly outfits and blonde wig for nude ling erie and tattoos. She has altered her good girl,clean cut DisneyRead MoreLimitations Of Paparazzi By La Dolce Vita2732 Words   |  11 Pagespaparazzi. Namely, Emma Stone and Andrew Garfield who have held up signs while leaving their apartments suggesting that photographers focus on charities and not celebrities. There was Ashley Tisdale who used her dog to hide her face from cameras, also Justin Bieber who used a mask to hide his face. In addition to those celebrities, Katy Perry used a large stuffed donut to hide her face, and Shia Labeouf used a brown paper sack to hide his face. Kanye West has tried walking with his head down to avoid theRead MoreLimitations Of Paparazzi By La Dolce Vita2732 Words   |  11 Pagespaparazzi. Namely, Emma Stone and Andrew Garfield who have held up signs while leaving their apartments suggesting that photographers focus on charities and not celebrities. There was Ashley Tisdale who used her dog to hide her face from cameras, also Justin Bieber wh o used a mask to hide his face. In addition to those celebrities, Katy Perry used a large stuffed donut to hide her face, and Shia Labeouf used a brown paper sack to hide his face. Kanye West has tried walking with his head down to avoid theRead MoreBecoming Stupid with Your Pal Google Essay1832 Words   |  8 PagesWe have all done it. We are all affected by it, but we don’t even realize what is happening. Even I am shot by the invisible bullet; the internet. At first glance the internet seems to be great. If you want to know who batted for the Red Socks in 1978, Google it. If you want to see a street view of Rome, Google Maps has your back. Do you need to see if the price on that new purse dropped? Amazon is there, instantly. It seems like the information on the internet is endless, and in a way it is. One

Essay about High School Cliques - 1205 Words

High School Cliques High school cliques are typical during teenage years, giving members a feeling of acceptance and belonging. But I believe that cliques conversely damage a teen’s self esteem. The high school should get involved in helping all students feel more â€Å"socially included†. How can a student feel like they socially fit in? It is the responsibility of the high school to create an atmosphere for the student body which promotes acceptance and inclusion of other kids, allowing kids to feel like they belong. Cliques tend to be exclusive, only accepting those who are similar to them such as their interest in sports, after-school activities, hobbies, or even by appearance and other superficial things. They also tend to leave†¦show more content†¦Another problem with high school cliques is that kids in them feel superior to some of the student who have trouble socially or are reluctant to be in a social situation. For example, a student transfers to new school and doesn’t know anyone. The cliques seem to feel superior because they already have an established group of friends, while the newcomer is still struggling. This would be a great opportunity for the high school counselor or the teachers to help students feel included in the high school social scene by introducing them to kind and friendly students. Cliques tend to have the same ideas or follow the same opinions on different topics. They usually think alike. When someone new enters the picture, they may have new ideas and opinions that may clash with the existing group. Their solution is to exclude that particular person, in order to keep their social circle â€Å"normal† in their minds, so they don’t have to change their thinking. â€Å"If students only spend time with others who are like them racially, socially, or otherwise they may never learn how to live and work with people who are different.† (Kay Herting Wahl, a Univers ity of Minnesota assistant professor of educational psychology) Cliques are so exclusive in this generation and kids are only associating with other very similar to themselves. This does not allow them to explore different people from different experiences or lifeShow MoreRelatedHigh School Cliques808 Words   |  3 PagesEvery school has cliques; small groups of people with similar interests who hang out exclusively with one another. But are cliques harmful to the high school environment? The definition of a clique can go down to a specific detail and its effect has a wide range. Cliques tend to stay on the negative side, so is the 5% of positivity enough to keep high school a safe environment? The classification of cliques is based off of the labels students are given. Labels are usually given to students in middleRead MoreHigh School Cliques896 Words   |  4 PagesCliques in Schools High school has always been a tough time for most teenagers. It is a time when classes are harder, schedules are tighter and most students are twice as mean. High school â€Å"marks a time of extensive and sometimes rapid growth for adolescents† (Clique Formation). A step up from junior high, â€Å"the unfamiliar environment subjects students to vast array of new experiences, problems and decisions† (Clique Formation). Most teenagers experience problems once they hit high school like peerRead More High School Cliques Essay791 Words   |  4 PagesHigh school is a combat zone. Perhaps incognito, high school is vile in all ways, shapes, and forms. High school is destruction of humanity. From blondes to redheads, and albinos to bronzed beauties, there is no fair play. Manipulation, deceit, lies, and forbidding grades are the fate of these entire helpless quarry. After many devastating centuries, mankind has learned to adapt to this revolution. Fighting for freedom and mol ding to the staggering state of affairs, students have mastered separationRead MoreTaking a Look at High School Cliques569 Words   |  2 PagesIn high school surviving is the hardest things to do, when anyone first come there. The best thing to do is finding a clique of people and join them. Finding different cliques are not that hard, but knowing who they are and adapting the environment is one of the hardest thing to do in high school. Finding a wrong clique can lead anyone straight down to a life of hell or worse. Students who entering high school can identify the types of cliques of student are in, and join up with whatever cliques thatRead More The Effect of Cliques on High School Students Essay examples1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Cliques on High School Students Most college freshman can still vividly remember their high school days. These days included ruling the school as seniors, or running from the seniors as lowly ninth graders. These days included having lunch with friends, and gossiping in the hallways between classes. Whatever was done, it was usually done with a friend or a group of friends. Most of these groups can be considered cliques. Cliques are groups where there is some kind of commonRead MoreHigh School vs College Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay High School vs College Having a good education is the key to becoming successful in life. It is a proven fact. This achievement requires not only graduating from high school, but also from college. Moving from high school to college may be an exciting transition, but it is also a very difficult one. It is a challenge that the student will struggle with and eventually adjust to over time. Although there are many differences between high school and college, one should notRead MoreCliques Can Affect Your Educational Performance1279 Words   |  6 Pages Cliques have existed since we were young. You’ve experienced cliques in one way or another, whether it be that group of kids that never talked to anyone but each other, or all of the smart kids that would do their homework together. Even clubs and activities often create cliques, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Deciding if these cliques are good or bad things is often debated, with no conclusive evidence favoring either side. A ten year old student from Carrolton School in Florida wroteRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Towns 779 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own identity. High School Cliques Just like any typical high school the viewer is able to see the different cliques. The two cliques that were presented in the film were the popular teens and the nerds. Quentin and his friends were the nerds because they were in band, focused on SAT exams, never skipped school, did not party or drink, and had high grades (Browen et al., 2015). These are characteristics that are typically given to non-popular kids or nerds during high school. On the other handRead MoreWilliam Damon Is An Educator / Researcher On Psychology And Education1597 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships and a high level of emotional closeness is built. Regardless of age cliques and crowds always develop among children and adults. A clique is a group of member that share common interests, often are of the same gender. The members of the group are often labeled or stereotyped. Crowds are very similar to cliques, both shape the minds of children on how they should act or how they should be. Both add pressure to a dolescents under peer pressure such as drinking, smoking, skipping school, or sex inRead MoreOutsiders : Outsiders And Stereotypes928 Words   |  4 Pages If you were to walk into a high school lunchroom, what is the first thing you would see? Groups, cliques, friend circles, and separations. Tables split up in detached formations, almost completely unaware of the other surrounding pupils nearby. The most common groups in high school are the populars and the outcasts; the kids who have endless friends, engage in team sports, and meet the ideal teenage standards, against the ones who are quiet, solitary, and unconventional. The ones that are outcasts

Sample on Audit Risk In Respect To The Company Of Mathra Tool

Question: Describe about the Assessment of Audit Risk in respect to the company of Mathra Tool Inc.? Answer: Introduction Auditing is the procedure of checking of all the accounts book and transactions whether it is stated in Financial Statement properly or not (Gramling, Rittenberg and Johnstone, 2010). It is the procedure of judging financial statements shown (Balance Sheet and Profit Loss Account) with all the records of account and financial transaction whether it is correct or false. Auditor risk refers to the risk that is identified by an auditor regarding financial statement. A wrong opinion regarding the financial statement is expressed by the Auditor. Audit risk consists of three risk such as Inherent risk, control risk and detection risk (Cosserat and Rodda, 2009). Inherent risk arises due to error depending on such factors despite from the inefficiency of controls. Inherent risk will more where the business involves judgment and estimation with high degree or involves complex transaction. Control risk arises due to inefficiency in the operational activities from the side of business entity. Detection risk refers to the risk which is raised by the error or fraud in material misstatement in respect to financial statement (Leung, 2011). The preliminary measurement of control risk is the procedure of appraising the usefulness of an organizations accounting and in-house control system by preventing or detecting and improving the material misstatements (Moeller and Brink, 2009). Mathra Tools Incorporation is a machinery tools producing company. It is reputed company in producing high quality of machine parts and it has grown into a $10 million-a-year business. The owner of the MTI is George Mathra. Thomas Smith appointed as auditor in charge in this company has identified several issues regarding the operation of the business. This auditing plan includes the assessment of internal control risk and the judgment for detection risk. It also contains the description regarding the substantive procedures that could be conducted for the WIP inventory. Assessment of Internal Control Risk Preliminary assessment of risk measures and prevents the system of accounting and the internal controlling system of an organization regarding material misstatements (Pickett, 2010). The risk cannot be mitigated fully because there are certain inherent limitation in the system of accounting and controlling. The assessment of control risk is required when the in-house control systems of the organization are not useful and the accounting systems of the organization are not efficient (Pickett and Pickett, 2011). There are several techniques which can be used to document the information regarding the systems of accounting and internal control (Hargie and Tourish, 2009). A particular technique is selected for the judgment by the auditors. The techniques can be used by alone or together. The examples of techniques are narrative description, questionnaires, checklist and flowcharts (Reding, 2009). The outline and length of the documentation depend on the size and complexity of the business and kind of applied system in respect to accounting and internal control (Pickett, 2011). Tests of control are executed to find out the audit evidence regarding the usefulness to evaluate whether the business designed the systems correctly to prevent material misstatement and the effectiveness of internal operational activities over the period (Shim, 2011). There are several things are included in test of control. These are as follows: 1. Test of control involves checking of documents related with transaction and other activities to obtain the audit evidence that business has operated the internal control correctly or not (Louwers, 2011). Such as, it is verified that whether transaction is authorized or not.2. It involves enquiry and observations regarding the internal controls which leave no audit trial such as finding out who really performs the all functions rather than who is supposed to perform.Lastly, it includes the re-performance of internal control such as reconciliation of bank statement to see whether it was actually performed by the business correctly. Business should adopt effective internal controls in the operation for preventing and detecting the occurrence of error and fraud (Beasley, 2009). The fraud can be suspected under following situations: If any paper is missing regarding financial transaction such as cheques, vouchers, invoices, etc.If subsidiary books does not match with control account. If there is huge difference in trial balance and it is very difficult to match the balance. If variation of Gross Profit Ratio and Net Profit Ratio are high.If there is mismatch between the balances according to the company and the verification of the balance by the parties.If the stock according to the companys record is not same with the stock physically counted. If the client does not able to provide any satisfactory information.If the some accounting figures have found overwriting There are several steps through which errors can be detected. These are as follows:1. Checking the balance of opening with the closing balance of last year.2. Checking all the posting made in ledger accounts.3. Checking the total balance of subsidiary books.4. Verifying each and every carry forward.5. Making confirm whether all ledger accounts are included or not.6. Checking the total list of debtor and creditors match with the ledger accounts or not.7. Comparing the different items of trial balance with the items of previous year.8. Checking any differences including round figures such as $10000 is written as $1000.9. Checking any misplacement of amounting figures such as 91 is written as 19.10.Identifying any entry is leaved unposted from the actual books. Duties need to perform by auditor are as follows:1. Check up all the entire activity of financial operation.2. Confirm all the receipts from the counterfoils or carbon copies or cash memos, sales report.Confirm the register of salary and wages.1. Verify the techniques used in stock valuation.2. Examine the all registers, notes and challans related with inventory, inwards and outwards of goods and delivery, etc.3. Compute different ratios which are required to identify the fraudulent activities and errors.Examine the details the items which are not used.Investigate the area where the problem is suspected.Perform the audit process by applying sound skill and with care.Do surprise visit in the organization to examine the accounts activities.There is found several faults and errors in in-house control system of MTI though the company is using computerize system for the production of machinery tools. The equipment and machine are operated through computer.The control risks relating to bus iness operation of MTI are as follows:1. The company has no licensed antivirus to protect the computerize system and there is no system expert.2. There is no proper maintenance of networking system and it is maintained by only an owner of computer shop which located far from the office. So, there is no such expert to maintain the networking system all time. Only Mr. Lee is responsible for maintaining equipment, upgrading software and maintaining user security profiles on the network.The staffs of the organization do not maintain the system related with user password. Two staffs use common password for making entry data of accounting transaction.1. The backup is taken every end of the in tape cartridge. There are seven tape cartridges for taking for taking full set of backups for a week. But the cartridges are not kept safely and systematically.2. There is no any protection used between office system and home system of the senior personnel. Home system can be used like as office syst em fully.3. There is only one accounting staff that is responsible for all accounting activities. There is no other staff who can deal with accounts payable and cash disbursements. Judgment for Detection risk Detection arises due to applying of wrong procedures in auditing by the auditors to evaluate and find out the material misstatements in all activities of financial aspect (Taylor and Osborne, 2013). The total audit risk is the combination of control risk, inherent risk and detection risk. After assessing of control risk and inherent risk, the detection risk is assigned to solve and reduce the total audit risk. It is never possible to eliminate the detection risk fully because it is difficult to check each and every financial transaction completely (Beasley, 2009). But, the objective of audit is to reduce the detection risk as much as possible. There are some elements of detection risk which are described below: Using of wrong procedure in audit The use of wrong procedure can increase the detection risk (Weirich, Churyk and Pearson, 2012). Such as, certain ratios are used to analyze the financial statement. But, the selection of ratio is very important. If the auditor choose wrong ratio (has no link with the objective of audit) in assessing the misstatement in financial activities, it can increase the detection risk. Wrong interpretation of audit results After auditing with correct procedure, if wrong interpretation is made from the results, it can increase the audit risk. Such as, it may be interpreted that the accounts payable is shown correctly but it is found a material misstatement in actual. Selecting of wrong testing technique Detection risk can be reduced by using of specific testing techniques for detecting the errors in financial transaction (Millichamp and Taylor, 2012). Such as, to confirm a particular sale occurred, it is not required to check the invoice whether is mathematically correct. During the checking of accounts payable, it is seen that accounts payables are actually paid or not by making test the invoices. It may be the correct audit procedure for asserting the accounts payable which can helps to interpret the decision of no material misstatements in respect to accounts payable. Sometimes, it is observed that there is involvement of several persons in maintaining financial transaction. Suppose an employee make process the payment and another employee does update the suppliers file by marking the invoice as paid. Then the auditor may fail to test the separate duties of two employees. As a result, misinterpretation can be found and it can increase the detection risk. Substantive Procedures for the WIP inventory Substantive procedures have an important role in audit planning. The substantive procedures of WIP inventory are as follows: 1. The first procedure includes the observation of physical inventory of the company through using separate inventory observation program.2. It is to be verified that the inventory held for another parties are not added in total inventory figure at the end of the year.Whether the inventory held at another party location is added in inventory listing at the end of the year, it is to be confirmed.It is to be obtained and agreed whether the listing of inventory is matched with general ledger or not.The valuation methods are used by the owner which needs to discuss. Valuation may be regarding any change in machinery product, change in process of production system, accounting system applied, techniques applied to gather cost of inventory, etc.Clerical accuracy is needed to check from the summary of physical inventory of the company.Next process is to review of physical inventory listing and identification of each and every item related with raw-materials, WIP and finished good. Documentat ion is to be made from the selected items.After reviewing of WIP, the costs are required to test. The nature of cost accounting system is to be determined such as system of job order and the process of cost system, checking of the quantities of raw material used and checking of labour charge used in production process, testing of overhead rate, etc. In case of WIP, it is required to test the pricing by calculating overall percentage complete in manufacturing process. It is need to evaluate the method used by the company for calculating the inventory.1. It is to be checked whether the standard techniques are used to calculate the cost and find out the sales price.2. It is to be determined what methods are used for inventory valuation especially when the actual cost exceeds the sales price.3. It is to be examined whether finished goods required to written down after sold at the end of the year.After calculation of ratios, it should compare with the previous year or with the industry w hether there is any difference. (such as gross profit margin)All the accounting figures such as raw material, inventory turnover and finished goods are required to compare with the last year or with the industry.It is needed to evaluate the days of inventory with the past year or with industry standard.Whether the standard cost of present year is different from the previous year, it is needed to compare taking into consideration of present conditions.It is to be checked the listing of inventory to make sure that it has been appropriately classified from raw-materials to finished goods or not. Conclusion In the conclusion it can be said that control risk and detection risk should be reduced to reduce the total audit risk and the total audit risk cannot be removed due to existence of inherent risk. Audit planning is made to identify or detect the problems regarding of those risk and it is planned to perform the audit efficiently and timely. Audit plan is conducted at the time of beginning of audit process to develop the entire approach of audit focusing to the important areas. It can be said that audit plan is certain guideline which is to be followed in audit process. References Beasley, M. (2009). Auditing cases. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Cosserat, G. and Rodda, N. (2009). Modern auditing. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons. Dauber, N. (2009). The complete guide to auditing standards, and other professional standards for accountants, 2009. Somerset, N.J.: Wiley. Gramling, A., Rittenberg, L. and Johnstone, K. (2010). Auditing. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hargie, O. and Tourish, D. (2009). Auditing organizational communication. London: New York. Leung, D. (2011). Inside accounting. Burlington, Vt.: Gower. Louwers, T. (2011). Auditing assurance services. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Millichamp, A. and Taylor, J. (2012). Auditing. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. Moeller, R. and Brink, V. (2009). Brink's modern internal auditing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Pickett, K. (2010). The internal auditing handbook. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley. Pickett, K. (2011). The essential guide to internal auditing. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Pickett, K. and Pickett, K. (2011). The essential guide to internal auditing. Chichester: Wiley. Reding, K. (2009). Internal auditing. Altomonte Springs, Fla.: Institute of Internal Auditors, Research Foundation. Shim, J. (2011). Internal control and fraud detection. Cranbrook: Global Professional. Taylor, J. and Osborne, J. (2013). Auditing. Worcester: Osborne Books Limited. Weirich, T., Churyk, N. and Pearson, T. (2012). Accounting auditing research and databases. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Police and Evidence-based Policing free essay sample

Evidence-Based-Policing Written by Desiree Rosch Instructor Atthur Moghalu Introduction to Criminal Justice Evidence-based policing is a style of policing that uses research to create or change policies to increase effectiveness. Lawrence W Sherman, an academic criminologist, is credited with making the term Evidence-based Policing (EBP) popular. During a lecture Sherman stated, Police practices should be based on scientific evidence about what works best. Starting in the 1960s several organizations were formed to conduct studies on how to better prevent crime and increase the publics confidence in law enforcement.The first of which was the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration created by Congress in 1969. There are many benefits to using an evidence-based policing stance, such as being able to see the actual results of your policies. This enables an agency to make necessary changes to the way they operate inorder to accomplish their missions more effectively, such as changing where and when units patrol certain areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Police and Evidence-based Policing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also allows them to come up with completely new programs and procedures they may not have developed on their own.The disadvantage of using research to change the way a law enforcement agency operates is that those changes may be expensive to implement. The agency may even find that the way they approach a situation could be completely wrong according to the research. Another problem with an evidence-based policing system is that the results may be accurate for where the study took place, but may not reflect the samedata you would obtain in another area. Things like income, education levels, backgrounds, cultures, etc can influence the effectiveness of procedures based on studies in another location. The Kansas City Experiment in 1974 is the most well known example of studies done on law enforcement. The results of this study were not what researchers were expecting. The agency found that increased patrol units had no effect on either crimes committed or the publics perception of how safe they were. These findings changed the way many agencies allot their patrol units. Another study conducted in Redlands, California was on the procedure of sending a follow up unit to make contact with a domestic violence victim after the initial call.

Revolution v. Civil War essays

Revolution v. Civil War essays Although the direct causes of the Civil War were different from those of the American Revolution, they were both caused by the differences in politics, economies, and social structures between each region. Rebellion in each of the wars was caused by people feeling that their government didnt represent their own interests. One of the causes of the American Revolution was the growing gap between the social structures of the colonies and Britain. Britain had a strict social structure where it was almost impossible to get an opportunity to rise into a higher class. The aristocrats of Britain looked down on the simplistic ways of the American colonists, who valued self-reliance, equality, and opportunity (The American Revolution: The Causes, 1). The colonies also had many differences between themselves. Even before the American Revolution, the lifestyles of the colonies were distinct from region to region. One of the main causes of these differences was the institution of slavery. In the southern states, social structure was generally rigid, while in the North, the industrial revolution was taking place, creating opportunities for almost any hard-working American man to raise his social status. Politics in the Civil War were much different from those in the American Revolution. Although the South was upset with the high protective tariffs on imported goods, it was not one of the main causes of war (Civil War: The Causes, 1). Northern and Southern leaders were required to work together in the same government, but they had conflicting ideas for the future of the nation. If no more territories entered the United States, the conflicts between the North and South could have been avoided, and wouldnt have grown into a war. Because the nation was expanding and new states were entering the country, there was controversy over whether these new states should be allowed to have slavery. The North was against expanding...

Consumer Law And Deceptive Marketing Guidelines Case Study

Consumer Law And Deceptive Marketing Guidelines - Case Study Example Most good companies would avoid such a situation and try to provide a product as per the specifications. Thus it would be wise to study both sides of the aspect and neutrally evaluate the outcome in best interests of society and individuals as well as reasons for companies providing a service or a product, albeit with a rider that profitability than service is their prime concern. The history of consumer protection is not as old as that of the consumers. In 1962, President John F Kennedy introduced 'The Consumer Bill of Rights.' However, before 1965, there was no effective legal protection available for consumers across the world. The idea was first conceived by Garland Dempsey. In December 1965, probably the first refund of $ 787 was provided by a finance company to Mr. and Mrs. Henry Outlaw, the lucky neighbors of Garland Dempsey in North Philadelphia. Mr. Dempsey filed the complaint on their behalf in regard to a swindle of the refinancing of a loan. Another such case, the Gallman case got nationwide approval and led to passage of Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 by the Congress. This act was later aptly called "The Truth in Lending Act", the first in the series of consumer protection legislation. Today, across the world, consumer protection laws have evolved protecting consumers from all kinds of manufacturing and retailing defects, protection from fraudulent advertisements, invasion of privacy, deceptive marketing techniques and many such issues. Sections of population defend both sides of the arguments which lead to millions of litigations across the world with sometimes heavy penalties for defaulting companies in the event of intentional deception or even unintentional action leading to loss or damage to a consumer in a financial/personal manner. With the passage of time, certain conventions have emerged for the corporate sector to strictly adhere to, failing which they can be held guilty of consumer rights violation.

The case of Hauer vs. Union State Bank of Wautoma Research Paper

The case of Hauer vs. Union State Bank of Wautoma - Research Paper Example To change the entire Boiler 2. To repair the Boiler When the plumber had gone there to check for the boiler, he had informed his boss Barkley that the boiler needs to be replaced and not repaired. Let us analyse the facts to get a clearer understanding. â€Å"While inspecting the non-operating boiler at Chetum’s building, the plumber notices that the boiler is one that has been recalled by the manufacturer, Housewarm, because of a defect that does not allow all the carbon monoxide produced by the boiler to vent properly. This boiler was purchased by Chetum at a salvage yard and replaced another non-operating boiler. Further, the boiler has been improperly installed, according to the plumber. The plumber notifies Barkley of the problems with the boiler and Barkley immediately notifies Chetum. Chetum tells Barkley that he does not want to purchase a new boiler. He asks if the existing boiler can be fixed to get through the winter months. Barkley calls his plumber who is still a t the Chetum site and asks the plumber about a quick fix for the winter. The plumber tells Barkley he would not recommend the quick fix for the winter as this boiler is defective and has been recalled.† Looking at the facts, it can be directly inferred that the boiler which was in the building was defective and should have been replaced. However, to save costs and other expenditures, Chetum did not want that to happen and therefore asked for the boiler to be repaired. It is pertinent to note that the boiler which had been installed in the building was not only improperly installed but also was defective. Therefore there was an urgent need to replace the boiler, which was concurred by the plumber but not approved by Chetum. The question which arises right now is... The case of Hauer vs. Union State Bank of Wautoma One of the most fundamental principles of Contract Law is that an individual who is below the age of 18 cannot enter into contracts with other parties. This law also applies to situations which consist of an individual entering into contracts to represent a firm which has been established under law. Applying the law to the facts, we understand that Barkley was not eligible to enter into Contract with Chetum. Along with this, Barkley is not eligible to represent the firm of his father in his absence. Therefore, looking at the overall perspective of Contractual Obligations, Barkley could not have entered into a contract with any other party. In case a contract has been entered upon between a minor and some other party, then such contract happens to not be legally binding on the parties although the work of the contract may be carried out and performed by the parties. According to the facts taken hypothetically, Knarles was aware that his firm consisted of a number of plumbers whose lic enses had not been renewed in the current year, and in spite of that his firm had sent one of them to a client by the name of Chetum, to do the repair work. Looking at the facts of the case, it can be inferred that there was not material breach of fundamental breach of contract. On the contrary, there is a case of tortious negligence on the part of Chetum. Along with this, he entered into a contract with a minor. Keeping these two facts into account, there is no breach of contract.

Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with Essay

Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with Complexities of Gendered, Sexualised and Racialised Violence - Essay Example The other objective of criminal law is to make it possible for individuals to coexist in the society1. Other objectives include to define the procedures of recognizing innocence or guilt and to choose the form of treatment or punishment after the individual is convicted for violating society’s laws2. The main aim of the criminal law is to protect the society so that its members can be reasonably secure as they carry out their constructive activities. Behaviours that are considered to be detrimental to the society’s welfare are made criminal. At all times, a balanced has to be attained between protecting the society and the individual rights. There are three types of harm or dangers that the criminal protects the individual against, and they include protection of the societal morals, protection from harm caused by others, and protection from harm emanating from ourselves. The most common protection that criminal law offers include protection from harm caused by others. T he obvious protection offered is found in laws against arson, rape, theft, and homicide. Individuals feel reasonably secure when majority of the people, â€Å"most of the time, will not harm us in these or other ways, and that if we are harmed, the offender will be caught and punished.†3 Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with the Complexities of Gendered, Sexualized and Racialised Violence Criminal Law Will Never Be an Adequate Response for Dealing with the Complexities of Gendered Violence In the majority of the countries in the world, criminal law is the conventional legal strategy utilized in addressing issues of violence against women. The laws are usually contained in general statutes like the penal codes that create the national criminal justice system. The penal codes apply to all individuals and in all areas within the nation. At times, the special statutes tackle certain types of violence such as torture and dowry violence. This form of legi slation supplements penal codes, basic law, thus offering for a more focussed regulatory control. However, in most cases, there gaps in special laws and penal codes, and this results in the inadequacies, and inefficiencies in the criminal justice system. It is important to note that the laws are not in place and thus, they are supposed to be reformed, expanded, and revised4. Due to ineffective enforcement, inefficiency in investigation, undue influence, and corruption, the criminal justice systems are said to be against women who are victims of violence. Thus, the procedural and substantive criminal laws and the law enforcement culture, lack gender sensitivity and they reflect an entrenched prejudice against women5. The criminal law alone cannot effectively deal with the problem of domestic violence. Majority of the aspects in domestic violence cannot be described as crime\, and they do not into any classes of assault under the criminal law. For instance, a woman who is under infreq uent sexual or physical assaults from her partner or husband may find that her day-to-day life is controlled by measures such as seeking permission on a daily basis to see her friends or family, take up education or employment, or even to go out. These women may generally feel incapable of doing so for fear of reaction. Thus, most of the women will not have the option of using criminal law. It is worth noting that criminal law will not effectively recognize the possible danger or escalation of the abuse when it attempts to challenge

Physics of Magnets :: physics science magnet

Magnets are one of the fundamental items in physics. This page is designed in order to provide a general overview of magnets and their uses as well as an in depth look into certain aspects of magnetism. We all know certain situations where magnets are used, hanging things on a refrigerator for example. But other applications are much more useful in our society. They are used in all kinds of speakers, and in many computer parts including hard drives and floppy drives ( for recording and reading purposes). Perhaps a more common use that goes unnoticed is the magnetic strip on credit and debit cards. These have a certain magnetic makeup, that is why you are to keep them away from other magnets. Magnets are also used in many motors, in such items like a dishwasher, DVD and VHS players, and a pager or cell phone vibrator. Magnets are all dipoles, that is they all have both a north and a south pole. No known magnetic monopoles exist. Looking at magnets from a basic point of view, opposites attract and similars repel. Magnetic field lines always move from the north pole to the south pole, we will discuss this later. Some of the major contributors to magnets are men like Hans Christian Oersted, James Clark Maxwell, William Scoresby, Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. Hans Christian Oersted experiment with a wire carrying a current and a compass led to much of what we know about Magnetic Fields. James Clark Maxwell discovered relationships between electricity and magnetism many of which are used in the Electromagnetic Theory. More information on the relationship between magnets and electricity can be found here. William Scoresby used the Earth's magnetic fields to produce powerful magnets. Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry are reported to have simultaneously discovered electromagnetic induction, which is the effect whereby the relative motion of a magnet and an electric coil produced a current. There are three types of magnets. Permanent, temporary, and electromagnets. Permanent magnets are the most common ones. Once they are magnetized they stay so (although they can lose much of their magnetic force). They can be metals found in nature. Temporary magnets hold the properties of a magnet while in a magnetic field, but lost these properties once the field goes away. An example of this would be a paper clip that is charged and can act like a magnet for a short while. Electromagnets are wires wrapped around a metal center(usually iron).

Realism in Romantic poetry Essay

Reality is abstract, as it depends on every individual’s own perspective. When Wordsworth says, â€Å"world is too much with us†, it depends on us how we look at the world, as every being has a world of his own. We acknowledge the events around us with whom we can relate, but ignore many other changes considerable for others. Most of the times, Romantics are considered escapist, and are alleged that their writings reflect an Imaginary world far from the reality surrounding us. But going through various poems of Wordsworth and Coleridge, I find it vice versa. â€Å"All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill; Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! The very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still! † [Westminster Bridge; Wordsworth; Sept 3,1802] The allegation that Wordsworth moved from the harsh realities of the cities brought about by the industrial revolution initiated in 1765. This allegation was made relatively stronger by placing Wordsworth vis-a-vis Victorian realism. In my view such an allegation is a product of superficial readings of his poems. The poem composed upon ‘Westminster Bridge’ illustrates keen sense of socio-economy of the then London. It describes the urban landscape departing from his stock theme based on rural landscape. It talks about the landscape of the city which has been divested to its negative qualities. Like the smoke of the industries, the busy crowd, insensitive to its fellow man and the incessant desire in man to control nature. The term smokeless air is for him a matter to rejoice a state of the city distilled of the harmful effects of industrialization. The line, â€Å"the river glideth at his own sweet will† encapsulates the entire project of Wordsworth vis-a-vis the new call given by the middle class to conquer and exploit nature. In this sense his realism is much more pronounced and subtle than it is taken into account of. Citing from historical context, one can notice the involvement of the likes of Coleridge, Wordsworth and Lamb during French revolution. In 1798, the year ‘Lyrical Ballads’, a joint effort by Wordsworth and Coleridge, came out, was a turbulent period in England’s history. Hostilities had broken out between Her and France in 1793 (and was to last with unremarkable intermission for over twenty years), and by 1798, she was faring badly in the war. Wordsworth had, of course, visited France in 1791-92, and had been in Paris at perhaps the most critical of all the great moments of the French Revolution that began with the destruction of the notorious prison of the Bastille in July 1789. (Coleridge’s poem, An Ode on the Destruction of the Bastille). The political tussle between the Girondins and the Jacobins were at a height, and Wordsworth saw clearly the slow rise of the Jacobins under Robespierre. He felt a deep concern for the Girondin leaders whom he felt were the genuine revolutionaries. He believed in the â€Å"reasonableness† of human nature and also believed passionately that men were â€Å"worthy of liberty†. Wordsworth’s early republicanism, his concern for France and the Revolution is described memorably in his long and autobiographical Prelude: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven! O times, In which the meager, stale, forbidding ways Of custom, law and statute, took at once The attraction of a country in romance! The prelude testifies to the shock that Wordsworth felt in his â€Å"moral nature† when he saw the Revolution that was to redeem mankind, turn to dust. For many, Tom Paine, William Godwin, Coleridge and Wordsworth, the French Revolution was not simply as struggle of a people to be free- it was mankind’s struggle to achieve something better- a new age for the entire human race- when aristocracy and class privilege would give to democracy and â€Å"Reason† would destroy the fetters of superstition and tyranny. Coleridge, like Wordsworth, had been swayed by the ideals of the Revolution, but the savagery and unrestrained mob frenzy under the Terror disillusioned him as did the rise of Napoleon and France’s aggressive conquests of other European nations. In France, An Ode and Fears in Solitude, Coleridge describe his feelings with candour: O France, that mockest Heaven, adulterous, blind, And patriot only in pernicious toils! Are these thy boasts, Champion of humankind? To mix with kings in low lust of sway, Yell in the hunt, and share the murderous prey; To insult the Shrine of Liberty with spoils From freemen torn; to tempt and to betray? [France, An Ode] British sympathizers of the French Revolution like Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were lampooned in the conservative press. Coleridge was so much influenced by William Godwin’s idea (Political Justice, 1793) of rejection of authority, abolition of private property, creation of a just state that along with Robert Southey, he was ready to set sail for America to establish a perfect state along the lines charted by Godwin. The political ideas of Wordsworth and Coleridge was also strengthened by pursuing the ideological goals of Unitarianism (which verged on radical deism) and drew heavily on the ideas of English â€Å"Commonwealthman† of the seventeenth century. Side by side to these intellectual debates between the conservatives and the liberals, the economic and the human cost of the war proving to be enormous. In the country, rural poverty was becoming acute and the number of beggars, starving children, gypsies, wounded soldiers roaming the country lanes could be seen from early poetry. Wordsworth’s poetic capability to recreate the sorrows and hardships of these homeless, starving populace is one of his lasting achievement as a poet. The Old Cumberland Beggar in poem of the same name, the traveler of Guilt and Sorrow, the blind London beggar in The Prelude are all powerful figures of forsaken humanity who become permanent symbols of the human condition. The effect of industrialization was viewed by both Wordsworth and Coleridge with a mixture of excitement and distrust. The new industrial cities- Birmingham, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, by 1815, contained a large population that had come from the country to look for work, and both Wordsworth and Coleridge were increasingly worried about the rising number of poor. Against the expanding complexities of men living in an industrial wasteland, the destruction of old livelihoods and an increasing impossibility to believe in a benign Providence, harmony with Nature offered the Romantic poets another way of life. The disruptive force of the French Revolution added the impetus to romanticism. There are individual differences among the great romantic poets concerning the conception of nature. But all of them share a common objection to the mechanistic universe of the eighteenth century- even though Wordsworth admires Newton and accepts him, at least in the orthodox interpretation. All romantic poets conceived of nature as an organic whole, on the analogue of man rather than a concourse of atoms- a nature that is not divorced from aesthetic values, which are just as real (or rather more real) than the abstractions of science. My conclusion concerning the romantic poets may be unorthodox and even unconventional. On the whole political criteria seem grossly overrated as a basis for judging a man. References Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge [Edited by Debjan Sengupta and Shernaz Cama; Worldview Critical Editions] The Prelude by William Wordsworth An Ode on the Destruction of the Bastille by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

10 Fascinating Facts about Bess Beetles

The  amiable bess beetles  (family Passalidae)  make great classroom pets, and are fun to watch. Bess beetles are so much more than cute; theyre also some of the most sophisticated bugs on the planet. Dont believe it? Consider these 10 fascinating facts about bess beetles. 1. Bess beetles are important decomposers Passalids live in hardwood logs, munching away on the tough tree fibers and turning them into new soil. They prefer oak, hickory, and maple, but will set up shop in just about any hardwood log that has sufficiently decayed. If youre looking for bess beetles, turn over rotting logs on the forest floor. In the tropics, where bess beetles are more diverse, a single log may house as many as 10 different Passalid species. 2. Bess beetles live in family groups Within their log homes, both bess beetle parents reside with their offspring. With their powerful mandibles, they excavate rooms and passages to house their family. The bess beetle family guards its home against any and all intruders, including other unrelated bess beetles. In some species, a large, extended family of individuals lives together in a colony. This subsocial behavior is quite unusual among beetles. 3. Bess beetles talk Like many other insects – crickets, grasshoppers, and cicadas, for example – bess beetles use sounds to communicate with one another. Whats remarkable, however, is how sophisticated their language seems to be. One North American species, Odontotaenius disjunctis, produces 14 distinct sounds, presumably with different meanings. An adult bess beetle talks by rubbing a hardened part of its hindwings against spines on the dorsal surface of its abdomen, a behavior known as stridulation. Larvae can communicate, too, by rubbing their middle and hind legs against each other. Captive bess beetles will complain loudly when disturbed in any way, and squeak audibly when handled. 4. Bess beetles co-parent their young The vast majority of insect parents simply deposit their eggs and go. A few, like some stink bug mothers, will guard her eggs until they hatch. In fewer still, a parent might stick around long enough to keep her nymphs safe. But rare are the insect parents that remain together as a pair to raise their young to adulthood, and bess beetles are counted among them. Not only do the mother and father bess beetle work together to feed and protect their offspring, but the older larvae stick around to help with rearing their younger siblings. 5. Bess beetles eat poop Like termites and other insects that feed on wood, bess beetles need the help of microorganisms to break down the tough plant fibers. Without these digestive symbionts, they simply couldnt process the cellulose. But bess beetles arent born with these vital fungi and bacteria living in their guts. The solution? They eat their own poop, much like rabbits do, to keep a healthy number of microorganisms in their digestive tracts. Without enough frass in its diet, a bess beetle will die. 6. Bess beetles lay their eggs in nests of poop Baby bess beetles are at an even greater digestive disadvantage, because their mandibles arent strong enough to chew wood and they lack gut microorganisms. So mama and papa bess beetle start their babies out in a cradle made of masticated wood and frass. In fact, when a  bess beetle larva reaches its final instar and is ready to pupate, its parents and siblings work together to construct it a cocoon made of frass. Thats how important poop is to a Passalid. 7. Bess beetles have a lot of nicknames Members of the family Passalidae go by a long list of common names: bessbugs, bessiebugs, betsy beetles, bess beetles, horned passalus beetles, patent leather beetles, peg beetles, and horn beetles.   The many variations on bess seems to derive from the French word baiser, which means to kiss, and is likely a reference to the smooching sound they make when they stridulate. If youve seen one, you already know why some people call them patent leather beetles – theyre quite shiny and black, like patent leather shoes. 8. Bess beetles look menacing, but are surprisingly gentle The first time you see a bess beetle, you might be a bit intimidated. Theyre hefty insects, often well over 3 cm long, with the massive mandibles youd expect from a beetle that eats wood. But rest assured, they dont bite, and dont even grab hold of your fingers with their feet the way scarab beetles do. Because theyre so easygoing and big, they make good first pets for young insect lovers. If youre a teacher interested in keeping insects in your classroom, you wont find one easier to care for and handle than the bess beetle. 9. Most bess beetles live in the tropics The family Passalidae includes roughly 600 described species, and nearly all of them live in tropical habitats. Only four species are known from the U.S. and Canada, and of these, two species havent been seen for decades. Some bess beetle species are endemic, meaning they live only in a certain area, such as on an isolated mountain or a particular island. 10. To date, just a single bess beetle fossil has been found The only prehistoric Passalid known from the fossil record is Passalus indormitus, collected in Oregon. Passalus indormitus dates to the Oligocene epoch, and lived about 25 million years ago. There are no known bess beetles living in the Pacific Northwest today, interestingly. Passalus indormitus is most similar to Passalus punctiger, a living species that inhabits Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America. Sources: Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants, by Douglas W. TallamyAmerican Beetles: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea, Volume 2, edited by Ross H. Arnett, JR, Michael C. Thomas, Paul E. Skelley, J. Howard FrankInsect Behavior, by Robert W. Matthews, Janice R. MatthewsNinety-nine Gnats, Nits, and Nibblers, by May BerenbaumBess Beetles of Kentucky, University of Kentucky Entomology website. Accessed December 10, 2013.Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonEncyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition, edited by John L. Capinera.